3 examples of the dialogue of cultures in modern society. The dialogue of cultures is an example of the peaceful coexistence of civilizations. The problem of intercultural relations in the modern world

The whole history of mankind is a dialogue. Dialogue permeates our whole life. In its reality, it is a means of implementing communication links, a condition for mutual understanding of people. The interaction of cultures, their dialogue is the most favorable basis for the development of interethnic, interethnic relations. And vice versa, when there is inter-ethnic tension in a society, and even more so, inter-ethnic conflicts, then the dialogue between cultures is difficult, the interaction of cultures can be limited in the field of inter-ethnic tension of these peoples, carriers of these cultures.

Dialogue presupposes active interaction of equal subjects. The interaction of cultures and civilizations also implies some common cultural values. The dialogue of cultures can act as a reconciling factor that prevents the emergence of wars and conflicts. It can relieve tension, create an atmosphere of trust and mutual respect. The concept of dialogue is especially relevant for modern culture. The process of interaction itself is a dialogue, and the forms of interaction are different kinds dialogic relationships. The idea of ​​dialogue has its development in the deep past. The ancient texts of Indian culture are filled with the idea of ​​the unity of cultures and peoples, macro- and microcosmos, thoughts that human health largely depends on the quality of its relationship with the environment, on the consciousness of the power of beauty, understanding as a reflection of the Universe in our being.

Intercultural interactions cannot occur otherwise than through the interactions of individual worldviews. The most important problem in the analysis of intercultural interaction is the disclosure of the mechanism of interactions. Two types of interaction: 1) cultural-direct, when cultures interact with each other through communication at the language level. 2) Indirect, when the main characteristics of the interaction are its dialogical nature, while the dialogue is included within the culture, as part of its own structures.

The methodology of the interaction of cultures, in particular, the dialogue of cultures, was developed in the works of M. Bakhtin. Dialogue according to M. Bakhtin is the mutual understanding of those participating in this process, and at the same time the preservation of one's own opinion, one's own in another (merging with him) and maintaining distance (one's place)”. Dialogue is always development, interaction. It is always a union, not a decomposition. Dialogue is an indicator of the general culture of society. “Dialogue is not a means, but an end in itself. To be means to communicate dialogically. When the dialogue ends, everything ends. Therefore, the dialogue, in essence, cannot and must not end.” According to M. Bakhtin, each culture lives only in questioning another culture, that great phenomena in culture are born only in dialogue different cultures, only at the point of their intersection. The ability of one culture to master the achievements of another is one of the sources of its vital activity. “An alien culture only in the eyes of another culture reveals itself more fully and deeper.... One meaning reveals its depths, having met and come into contact with another, alien meaning..., between them begins, as it were, a dialogue that overcomes the isolation and one-sidedness of these meanings, these cultures... In such a dialogical meeting of two cultures, they do not merge and do not mix, but they are mutually enriched.” Imitation of a foreign culture or complete rejection of it must give way to dialogue. For both sides, the dialogue between the two cultures can be fruitful. “We pose new questions to a foreign culture, which it did not pose to itself, we are looking for an answer from it, to these questions of ours; and a foreign culture responds to us, opening before us new sides of itself, new semantic depths.”

Interest is the beginning of a dialogue. The dialogue of cultures is the need for interaction, mutual assistance, mutual enrichment. The dialogue of cultures acts as an objective necessity and condition for the development of cultures. Mutual understanding is assumed in the dialogue of cultures. And in mutual understanding, unity, similarity, identity are assumed. That is, the dialogue of cultures is possible only on the basis of mutual understanding, but at the same time - only on the basis of the individual in each culture. And the common thing that unites all human cultures is their sociality, i.e. human and human. “The mutual understanding of centuries and millennia, peoples, nations and cultures ensures the complex unity of all mankind, all human cultures (the complex unity of human culture), the complex unity human literature". There is no single world culture, but there is a unity of all human cultures, which ensures the “complex unity of all mankind” - the humanistic principle.

The influence of one culture on another is realized only if the necessary conditions for such influence exist. Dialogue between two cultures is possible only if their cultural codes are brought closer together, if a common mentality exists or emerges. The dialogue of cultures is the penetration into the value system of a particular culture, respect for them, overcoming stereotypes, synthesis of original and other national, leading to mutual enrichment and entry into the global cultural context. In the dialogue of cultures, it is important to see the universal values ​​of interacting cultures. One of the main objective contradictions inherent in the cultures of all peoples of the world is the contradiction between the development of national cultures and their convergence. Therefore, the need for a dialogue of cultures is a condition for the self-preservation of mankind. And the formation of spiritual unity is the result of the dialogue of modern cultures.

According to Huntington, the diversity of cultures initially implies their isolation and requires dialogue. Local cultural isolation can be opened through dialogue with another culture through philosophy. Through philosophy, the universal penetrates into the dialogue of cultures, creating a chance for each culture to delegate its best achievements to the universal fund. Culture is the property of all mankind, as a historical result of the interaction of peoples. Dialogue is a true form of interethnic communication, which implies both the mutual enrichment of national cultures and the preservation of their identity. Human culture is like a tree with many branches. The culture of the people can flourish only when the common human culture flourishes. Therefore, taking care of the national, ethnic culture, one should be very concerned about the level of human culture, which is united and diverse. United - in the sense of including the diversity of historical and national cultures. Each national culture is original and unique. Her contribution to the universal cultural fund is unique and unrepeatable. The core of each culture is its ideal. The historical process of the formation and development of culture cannot be correctly understood without taking into account the interaction, mutual influence, and mutual enrichment of cultures.

The exchange of spiritual values, acquaintance with the achievements of the culture of other peoples enriches the personality. The core of the activity of the subject of culture, in the process of which he himself changes, changing, developing at the same time the state, the content of the national culture. The interaction of cultures also takes place at the level of interpersonal communication, since the generally significant values ​​of cultures are realized in sensation. Interpersonal communication, expanding the sources of social and cultural information, can thus be an important factor in overcoming stereotyped thinking and this contributes to the mutual enrichment of the spiritual image of people.

Globalization and global problems contribute to the dialogue of cultures. In general, the problems of openness to dialogue and mutual understanding in the modern world are becoming profound. However, for mutual understanding and dialogue, goodwill alone is not enough, but cross-cultural literacy (understanding of the cultures of other peoples) is necessary, which includes: “awareness of the differences in ideas, customs, cultural traditions inherent in different peoples, the ability to see the common and different between diverse cultures and look at the culture of one's own community through the eyes of other peoples” When participating in the dialogue of cultures, one must know not only one's own culture, but also neighboring cultures and traditions, beliefs and customs.

Like thousands of years ago, the world is not complete without strife and wars, only now their local character can transform into a global conflict that can engulf the entire globe. The dialogue of cultures, an example of which is demonstrated by countries that have joined forces against world terrorism, will help prevent the danger.

Dialogue and culture

Let's understand the concepts. Culture is everything that humanity creates in the material world and in the spiritual sphere. It undoubtedly unites people, because it uses the same "codes" that are characteristic of Homo sapiens as a species. For example, in the cultural baggage of all peoples there is an understanding of such concepts as beginning and end, life and death, good and evil, encrypted in myths and creativity. On these common points in the contact of different cultures, their dialogue is built - interaction and cooperation, the use of each other's achievements. As in any conversation, in the dialogue of national cultures there is a desire to understand, exchange information and identify one's own position.

Own and others

It is not uncommon for people to judge the culture of another nation in terms of superiority. The position of ethnocentrism is characteristic of both the West and the East. Even the ancient Greek politicians divided all the people of the planet into primitive barbarians and exemplary Hellenes. This is how the idea was born that the European community is a standard for the whole world. With the spread of Christianity, pagans became a despised part of society, and the truth was considered the prerogative of believers.

The vile product of ethnocentrism is xenophobia - hatred of other people's traditions, thoughts and views. Examples of the dialogue of cultures, as opposed to intolerance, prove that relations between peoples can be civilized and fruitful. In the modern world, the process of dialogue is becoming more intense and diverse.

Why dialogue is needed

Cooperation not only contributes to the creation of a global culture, but also sharpens the originality of each of them. Interaction allows all together to solve global planetary problems and saturate their spiritual space with the achievements of other ethnic groups.

The modern understanding of the dialogue of cultures takes into account the fact that today, thanks to the Internet, each person has a unique opportunity to satisfy their information hunger and get acquainted with world masterpieces.

What is the problem?

Being participants in various kinds of intercultural relations, people differ quite a lot in terms of customs, languages, national clothes, cuisine, and norms of behavior. This makes communication difficult, but the real problem lies elsewhere.

The fact is that each person is inclined to perceive the other through the prism of his own, familiar and understandable. Perceiving other civilizations through the framework of our own, we narrow the possibility of a dialogue of cultures. Example: the world of pygmies living in the equatorial forests of Africa, alien to a European, makes him treat this people with condescension. And only scientists who are closely involved in the study of pygmy tribes know how amazing and “advanced” their culture is and to what extent they coexist harmoniously with the planet, rather than the so-called civilized person. It is sad that the communication obstacle is most often unconscious.

Is there a way out? Undoubtedly! Effective cultural interaction between peoples is possible if this is purposefully and patiently studied. It is necessary to understand that to be a cultured people, as well as such a person, means to have a developed sense of responsibility and morality.

Eastern and Western Models: Action and Contemplation

Nowadays, the dialogue between the cultures of the West and the East has acquired special significance. The first is focused on technology and the dynamic, active development of all areas of life, the second model is more conservative and flexible. If we use gender formulas, we can say that Eastern culture is similar to the feminine principle, while Western culture resembles the male type of perception of reality. The Western mentality is characterized by the division of the world and concepts into black and white, hell and heaven. In the Eastern tradition, the world is understood as "all in all".

Russia between two worlds

Russia in the dialogue of cultures of East and West is a kind of bridge. It unites both traditions and acts as an intermediary between them. The culturologist and philosopher Mikhail Bakhtin believed that this mission could lead to one of three outcomes:

1. Cultures develop a single common position on the basis of synthesis.

2. Each culture retains its identity, and through dialogue is enriched by the achievements of the other side.

3. Realizing the fundamental differences, refrain from interaction, but do not quarrel and do not fight.

Does Russia have its own cultural highway? The place of our country in contradictory cultural contact was considered differently in different epochs. In the middle of the century before last, the Slavophile and Westernist views on this problem clearly stood out. The Slavophiles considered the path of Russia to be special, linking this exclusivity with deep religiosity and emotionality. Westerners argued that the country should adopt the richest achievements of Western civilization and learn from it.

During the Soviet era, Russia's cultural identity took on a political, class connotation, and talk about its own path became irrelevant. Today it has resumed and demonstrates exactly the same example in the dialogue of cultures, when a thoughtful and conscious understanding of the value of mutual acceptance is required for the sake of preserving peace.

Culture is the most important factor which organizes the spiritual life of people. The meaning of the concept of "culture" is very broad and not always definite. It is understood as the state of society, and its characteristics, and the totality of beliefs, technologies of the inhabitants of a certain area. Culture does not arise by itself, in a natural, natural way, it always appears thanks to a person, it is a product of his activity.

Symbiosis of peoples

And it is very similar to the relationship between people. They can be in hostile, antagonistic relations (remember, for example, one culture can displace another (how much is left of the culture of the North American Indians?). They can mix into one whole (the interpenetration of the traditions of the Saxons and the Normans led to the emergence of a new - English - culture) However, the current state of the civilized world shows that the optimal form of interaction between cultures is dialogue.

Examples of the past

The dialogue of cultures, like the dialogue between people, arises from mutual interest or urgent need. The young man liked the girl - and he asks where he could see her before, that is, the young man begins a dialogue. No matter how much we like the boss, we are forced to conduct a business dialogue with him. An example of the interaction of antagonistic cultures in relation to each other: even during the Golden Horde, there was an interpenetration and mutual enrichment of the ancient Russian and Tatar cultures. Where was it to go? The spiritual and material life of a person is very heterogeneous and diverse, so it is easy to give an appropriate example. There are a lot of dialogues, their vectors and spheres: dialogue Western culture and East, Christianity and Islam, mass and past and present.

Mutual enrichment

Just like a person, culture cannot be isolated for a long time, alone. Cultures strive for interpenetration, the result is a dialogue of cultures. Examples of this process are very clear in Japan. The culture of this was originally closed, but later it was enriched by the assimilation of the traditions and historical identity of China and India, and from the end of the 19th century it became open to the West. A positive example of dialogues at the state level can be observed in Switzerland, where 4 languages ​​(German, French, Italian and Romansh) are the state languages ​​at the same time, which contributes to the conflict-free coexistence different peoples in one country. International film festivals, song contests (“Eurovision”) and beauty contests (“Miss Universe”), exhibitions of oriental art in the West and western art in the East, holding the days of one state in another (Days of France in Russia), spreading the Japanese dish “sushi” around the world, Russia's acceptance of elements of the Bologna model of education, the popularity of martial arts in Europe and the USA - this is also an endless example of dialogues of cultures.

Dialogue of cultures as an urgent need

Naturally, each culture strives to preserve its own identity, and there are realities that different cultures will probably never accept. It is unlikely that a Muslim girl will dress like her European counterpart. And it is unlikely to be able to come to terms with polygamy. But there are many more things that you can agree with or at least reconcile with, endure. After all, a bad peace is still better than a good quarrel, and peace without dialogue is impossible. An example of dialogues, forced and voluntary, constructive and fruitless, saves world history, reminding his contemporaries that any conversation implies respect for the values ​​of another distinctive people, overcoming one's own stereotypes, readiness to build bridges, not destroy them. A constructive business dialogue of cultures is a necessary condition for the self-preservation of all mankind.

Among all concepts that are difficult to understand, everything related to “culture” is probably the most incomprehensible for the guys who will take the test. And the dialogue of cultures, especially when it is required to give examples of such a dialogue, generally causes stupor and shock in many. In this article, we will analyze this concept in a clear and accessible way so that you do not experience a stupor in the exam.

Definition

Dialogue of cultures- means such interaction between carriers of different values, in which some values ​​become the property of representatives of another.

In this case, the carrier is usually a person, a person who has grown up within the framework of this value system. Intercultural interaction can take place on different levels, using different tools.

The simplest such dialogue is when you, a Russian, communicate with a person who grew up in Germany, England, the USA or Japan. If you have a common language of communication, then you, realizing or not, will broadcast the values ​​of the culture in which you yourself grew up. For example, by asking a foreigner if they have street slang in their country, you can learn a lot about the street culture of another country, and compare it with yours.

Art can serve as another interesting channel of intercultural communication. For example, when you watch any Hollywood family or any other movie in general, it may seem strange to you (even in dubbing) when, for example, the mother of the family says to the father: “Mike! Why didn't you take your son to the baseball weekend?! You promised!". At the same time, the father of the family blushes, turns pale, and generally behaves very strangely from our point of view. After all, the Russian father will simply say: “It didn’t grow together!” or “We are not like that, life is like that” - and he will go home about his business.

This seemingly minor situation shows how seriously they take promises (read your own words) in a foreign country and in ours. By the way, if you do not agree, write in the comments with what exactly.

Also, any form of mass interaction will be examples of such a dialogue.

Levels of cultural dialogue

There are only three levels of such interaction.

• First level ethnic, which occurs at the level of ethnic groups, read peoples. Just an example when you communicate with a foreigner will be an example of such interaction.
• Second level national. In truth, it is not particularly true to single it out, because a nation is also an ethnic group. Better to say - the state level. Such a dialogue occurs when some kind of cultural dialogue is built at the state level. For example, exchange students come to Russia from countries near and far abroad. While Russian students go to study abroad.
• The third level is civilizational. What is civilization, see this article. And in this one you can get acquainted with the civilizational approach in history.

Such interaction is possible as a result of what civilizational processes. For example, as a result of the collapse of the USSR, many states have made their civilizational choice. Many have integrated into Western European civilization. Others began to develop independently. I think you can give examples yourself if you think about it.

In addition, the following forms of cultural dialogue can be distinguished, which can manifest themselves at its levels.

Cultural assimilation- this is a form of interaction in which some values ​​are destroyed, and they are replaced by others. For example, in the USSR there were human values: friendship, respect, etc., which was broadcast in films, cartoons (“Guys! Let's live together!”). With the collapse of the Union, Soviet values ​​were replaced by others - capitalist ones: money, career, man is a wolf to man, and stuff like that. Plus computer games, in which cruelty is sometimes higher than on the street, in the most criminal district of the city.

Integration- this is a form in which one value system becomes part of another value system, there is a kind of interpenetration of cultures.

For example, modern Russia is a multinational, multicultural, and polyconfessional country. In a country like ours, there can be no dominant culture, since they are all united by one state.

Divergence- very simplified, when one value system dissolves into another, and affects it. For example, many nomadic hordes made their way through the territory of our country: Khazars, Pechenegs, Polovtsy, and they all settled here, and eventually dissolved in the local system of values, leaving their contribution to it. For example, the word “sofa” was originally called a small council of khans in the empire of Genghisides, and now it is just a piece of furniture. But the word has survived!

It is clear that in this short post, we will not be able to reveal all the facets necessary to pass the exam in social studies for high scores. So I invite you to our training courses , on which we reveal in detail all the topics and sections of social science, and also work on the analysis of tests. Our courses are a full-fledged opportunity to pass the exam for 100 points and enter a university on a budget!

Sincerely, Andrey Puchkov

HELP ME PLEASE

SOON SESSION PLEASE
answers urgently needed
Questions for the test on the course "Social Studies" 1 course, 1 semester
1. The concept of "society" in the broad and narrow senses The functions of society.
2. Society as a dynamic self-developing system.
3.Subsystems of society (spheres of public life). Characteristics of people's activities and relations between people in these areas. Name the institutions (organizations) belonging to certain spheres of society.
4.What is nature? The relationship between society and nature. Give examples.
5. Society and culture. difference in these concepts.
6.Typology of society. Classification of typologies of society.
7. Traditional (pre-industrial, industrial, post-industrial (information) society. Give comparative characteristic said societies.
8. Formational approach to the study of society. The authors of this approach.
9. Civilizational approach to the study of society. The authors of this approach.
10. What is globalization? Reasons for globalization. Directions of globalization. Consequences of the globalization process (positive, negative) . Factors of unity of modern mankind.
11. Global problems of mankind. Causes of global problems. Groups of global problems. Ways (directions) of solving global problems. Social forecasts of the prospects of mankind.
12. Approaches to the solution of the question of the origin of man. Biological, sociological approaches. The main differences between humans and animals.
13. Sociogenesis Man as a biosocial being.
14. Moral as a regulator of social relations.
15. Science, its role in the development of society.
16. Religion as a form of social consciousness. world religions.
17. Education as a way of transmitting scientific knowledge.
18. Scientific and technological progress, its consequences.
19. Cognition. Types of knowledge. The main philosophical directions in the field of knowledge.
20. Mass and elite culture.
21. Spiritual culture, its main forms.
22. Education as a way of transferring the cultural experience of society.
Problems of development of spiritual culture in modern Russia.
30. Art and spiritual life

A4. The difference between man and animal is that

1) self-preservation instinct
2) sense organs
3) care for offspring
4) ability to work
A5. The game as a type of activity differs from labor
1) obligatory use of tools
2) the presence of an imaginary environment
3) implementation by a team of people
4) striving for the goal
A6. Are the judgments correct?
Man shapes
A. as a natural environment, as well as social relations and interactions.
B. cultural environment.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
A8
Society as an integral dynamic system is studied by science
1) psychology
2) sociology
3) political science
4) cultural studies