Colonial countries belong to France. France and Africa: modern colonialism. How the French Colonial Republic Became

The French colonial empire is a state that existed from 1605 to 1960. This empire was one of the first to populate new continents and leave its population there.

History of the capture and fall of the French colonies

The travels of French sailors to Africa and America began at the end of the 16th century. Already in 1530, France adopted a policy of active colonization of territories.

In 1534 France made an unsuccessful attempt to capture the shores Canada. In the same year, Jacques Cartier explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence and found tribes of Indians who mined furs. After this, several more French expeditions moved to the northern shores of Canada and discovered a total of about 20 more tribes. They called these tribes "New France". But already by 1663 Canada was completely a French colony.

Since the late 16th century, state-owned enterprises have been located on colonial lands. Nobles, younger sons of aristocratic families, convicted of duels, adventurers, hunters, soldiers and travelers, clergy, technicians, engineers, architects, accountants were sent to colonial lands. However, among the emigrants there was not a single Huguenot, that is, a Protestant.

Since 1630, French colonies have been added Guadeloupe, Martinique and Saint-Domingue. During this period, active colonization of African territory began, and their island of Bourbon was founded. Half a century later, the French came to Asia, where they established first colony in Indian State. France developed a huge interest in North America, as a plantation economy based on the labor of African subjects began to develop there at a rapid pace.

In West Africa The main income of the French government was the slave trade. Already by 1664, 2 large companies for the sale of people were organized. At the end of the 17th century, France managed to capture several names of India.

However, during the war of 1792-1815, France lost a huge part of its colonies: almost all the lands were captured by Great Britain, and in 1800 the western part of Louisiana was sold to the United States. However, at the Paris Peace Conference in 1815, France managed to regain a significant part of the lands: Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guiana in the Western Hemisphere, five small settlements in India, Fr. Reunion, small estates in Senegal.

By 1820, the total area of ​​the colonies was 30 thousand km2.

In 1848, under the wave of the French Revolution, the Provisional Government signed a decree dissolving the colonies. In 1881, French troops turned Tunisia into a protectorate. In 1870, colonialists began to conquer the Ivory Coast and the interior of Senegal.

In the post-war period, France's colonial possessions also underwent some changes. In November 1943 the French government fell in Lebanon, in January 1944 - in Syria. Under the influence of the August Revolution in Vietnam, the French leadership was overthrown.

In 1954, France had to recognize the political independence of Cambodia and Laos due to the decision of the Geneva Conference.

Find out history, it directly depends on historical events in various eras of the country's formation.

List of French colonies throughout history:

• Asia: Syria, Lebanon, parts of India, Guangzhou, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.
• America: Canada, Acadia, Hudson Bay, Newfoundland, Louisiana, Haiti, Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana.
• Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, West Africa, Cameroon, Madagascar, French Southern and Antarctic Territories.
• Oceania:, Vanuatu, Wallis, Futuna, New Hebrides.

Modern French colonies

Of course, even 2 centuries ago France possessed vast territories that brought huge amounts of money to the treasury of the French state. France controlled not only land holdings such as Canada or Vietnam, but also small islands such as Haiti. Also in the possession of France there were lands that were generally unsuitable for life. For example, part of Antarctica was in the French possessions.

L'Empire colonial français) - the totality of the colonial possessions of France in the period between - years.

Story

During the era of great discoveries, France became the third European country (after Portugal and Spain) to become involved in the exploration and colonization of overseas territories. Unlike the two Iberian countries, the French showed interest in both tropical and temperate latitudes. For example, in 1535, the Frenchman Jacques Cartier explored the mouth of the St. Lawrence River, laying the foundation for the colony of New France, which once occupied the entire central part of the North American continent.

Economically and militarily, France was also a more advanced country than its Iberian counterparts. The French began to take a serious interest in overseas exploration almost 70 years earlier than their main European competitor, the British Empire. Moreover, the population of France at that time was more than three times that of Britain. However, internal political instability, the weakness of the trade and economic infrastructure, as well as the actual failure of the model of settler colonialism, which only Britain was able to implement in its pure form, relegated France to second place by the middle of the 18th century.

Periodization

The most noticeable influence on the evolution of the French colonial empire was the rivalry between France and Great Britain, which reached its climax in the middle of the 18th century, ending in the victory of the latter. Chronologically, the history of French colonialism can be divided into the following periods:

• The first French colonial empire roughly existed from 1546 to 1809, reaching an area of ​​approximately 8,013,624 km², predominantly in North America.
  • The Treaty of Paris (1763) deprived France of large lands in North America in what is now Canada and the United States, as well as in Senegal.
  • The Louisiana Sale of 1803, the Haitian Revolution of 1804, and the Portuguese takeover of French Guiana in 1809 finally destroyed the first colonial empire.
• The second French colonial empire roughly existed in 1814-1962, reaching an area of ​​about 13,500,000 km² (9.0% of the planet's surface area) in 1943, mainly in Africa and Asia.
  • In 1814, Great Britain and Portugal returned to France the lower reaches of the Senegal River and a number of Caribbean islands, along with French Guiana.
  • In 1830, the French invasion of Algeria marked the beginning of widespread colonization of Africa and Asia.
  • Decolonization of these territories took place in -1962.

However, only the lower reaches of the Senegal River, a number of Caribbean islands and French Guiana were controlled by France during the periods of both the first and second empires.

Demographics (1919-1939)

Population of the French colonial empire in - gg.

	1921	1926	1931	1936
Metropolitan France	39.140.000	40.710.000	41.550.000	41.500.000
Colonies, protectorates and mandated territories	55.556.000	59.474.000	64.293.000	69.131.000
Total	94.696.000	100.184.000	105.843.000	110.631.000
Percentage of world population	5,0 %	-	5,1 %	-
Sources: INSEE, SGF

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French colonial empire. The first attempts at French colonial conquests date back to the 16th century, the era Great geographical discoveries . They were undertaken by individual businessmen and companies at their own peril and risk, without direct support from the royal authorities. Thus, some territories in America were captured (the basin of the St. Lawrence River, 1541-43, 1589-99; Florida, 1562-68; Brazil, 1555-60, 1594-1615). However, the French failed to gain a foothold in the occupied lands in the conditions of intense rivalry with the Spanish and Portuguese colonialists. From the 17th century The state began to take a direct part in colonial conquests. The navy was used for expansion, the government encouraged the creation of colonial trading companies [West India, East India (created by J.B. Colbert in 1664) and others], provided them with subsidies, benefits and privileges.

At the beginning of the 17th century. the seizure of territories in North America resumed. The French founded a large number of trading posts and settlements, including Quebec (1608) and Montreal (1642). As a result, in the area of ​​the river. St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes arose as possessions of the Company of New France (Canada). In 1663 Canada was declared a colony of the French crown. In 1682, the territories adjacent to the West and the river were declared possession of France under the name Louisiana. Mississippi. Since the 30s. 17th century Guadeloupe, Martinique and other islands, the western part of the island become colonies of France. Haiti (Saint-Domingue, 1654, officially since 1697).

In Africa, the active process of French colonization began in the 17th century. Between the mouth of the river Several French trading posts-fortresses were created in Senegal and the Gulf of Guinea. The Senegalese, Guinean and other trading and colonial companies operating here forcibly sent Africans as slaves to the West Indies. In the middle of the 17th century. The French took possession of an island in the Indian Ocean, which they called Fr. Bourbon (now Reunion). In Asia, the first colonies were captured by France in the 17th century. in India. It became the main stronghold in India from the beginning of the 18th century. Pondicherry city.

As a result of an intense struggle for colonies, France ceded the coast of Hudson Bay, Acadia, and Fr. in North America to Great Britain. Newfoundland (1713). After defeat in the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763, she lost her main possessions in North America - New France, Fr. Cap Breton, Louisiana (except New Orleans); in the West Indies - the islands of Dominica, St. Vincent, etc.; in Africa - most of Senegal; possessions in India (with the exception of five settlements).

The first period of French colonial expansion coincided with the emergence of capitalist relations in the country. Initially, colonial activity was reduced mainly to direct robbery and predatory “trade”. From the middle of the 17th century. In a number of colonies, primarily on the islands of the West Indies, plantation economies began to emerge based on the exploitation of slave labor of blacks exported from Africa. Negro slaves made up the majority of the population of the colonies in the West Indies; the use of their labor brought huge profits to the planters. The products of plantation farms - cane sugar, indigo, tobacco, coffee, spice plants - were intended for export not only to the metropolis, but also to other countries.

The Great French Revolution caused the rise of the liberation movement in a number of French colonies. In 1794, the Convention issued a decree on the abolition of slavery in all French colonies (repealed in 1802). The liberation movement in Saint-Domingue led to the expulsion of the colonialists and the declaration of independence of Haiti (1804).

During the wars with anti-French coalitions (1792-1815), almost all of France's colonial possessions were captured by Great Britain; French (since 1800) western part of Louisiana was sold to the USA (1803). At the Congress of Vienna 1814-15, France managed to achieve the return of a significant part of its colonial possessions - according to Treaty of Paris 1814 France retained the islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guiana in the Western Hemisphere, five small settlements in India, Fr. Reunion, small estates in Senegal. The total territory of the French colonies at that time was about 30 thousand. km2. During the Revolution of 1848 in France, a decree was again issued to eliminate slavery in the colonies.

Due to the accelerated development of capitalist production in France, under the conditions of the industrial revolution (completed in the 50-60s of the 19th century), the colonies ceased to be for the metropolis only an object of direct robbery and a supplier of the so-called. colonial goods. They began to play the role of a source of raw materials for the growing industry of the metropolis and, in some cases, a market for its industrial goods. The French colonialists formed military units from local residents and used them in military operations as a strike force (see. Zouaves ).

Since the 30s. 19th century France again embarked on the path of colonial expansion, primarily in North Africa. The conquest of Algeria, which began in 1830, encountered courageous resistance from the local population and dragged on for decades (in fact, until the early 80s). In 1881, French troops occupied Tunisia, which was turned into a protectorate. Since the late 30s. 19th century intensive penetration into West Africa began again. With the help of force, deception, bribery, and enslaving agreements with the leaders of local tribes, the French colonialists captured Gabon (1839-70), began to capture the Ivory Coast (from 1842), and the interior regions of Senegal (from 1854).

Objects of French colonial expansion from the beginning of the 19th century. The Far East and Southeast Asia also became. In 1842, France captured the Marquesas Islands in the Pacific Ocean and established a protectorate over them; in 1844 she imposed an enslaving treaty on China; in 1853 it captured the islands of New Caledonia. With the establishment of colonial rule in 1885, the islands of French Polynesia were united into French possessions in Oceania. As a result of joint actions with Great Britain in the war against China (see. Anglo-Franco-Chinese War 1856-60 ) France imposed new enslaving treaties on China.

In the interests of the commercial and industrial bourgeoisie, France sought to acquire vast possessions in Southeast Asia. Colonial wars started by France in the late 50s. in Indochina, ended with the seizure of the territory of South Vietnam (Cochin China) (1867), the establishment of a protectorate over the territory of Kampuchea (Cambodia) (1863), the territory of Central Vietnam (Annam), and the territory of Northern Vietnam (Tonkin) (1885). To facilitate management, these territories were united into the so-called. Indochina Union (1887), headed by the French Governor-General. In 1898, Laos was annexed to the Indochina Union as a protectorate. The boundaries of the Indochina Union were finally established in 1907.

France took an active part in the struggle of the largest capitalist powers to complete the division of the world (see. Colonies and colonial policy ). In 1895 France took possession of the island. Madagascar, which was declared a colony in 1896. Moving deeper into Africa, the colonialists captured in the 80-90s. vast territories in the river basins. Congo, Niger, Ubangi, Shari, near Lake Chad, began to advance into Eastern Sudan, to the headwaters of the river. Nile. French plans for further conquests in Africa encountered opposition from the British colonialists (see. Fashoda crisis 1898 ). Under the Anglo-French agreement of 1899 on the division of Tropical Africa, France received a number of regions to the west and north-west. from the Congo-Nile watershed. Thus, vast territories in North Africa, Western Sudan and the river basin came under its colonial rule. Congo.

During the acute inter-imperialist conflicts in the struggle for Morocco (see. Moroccan crises ) France, according to the Franco-German agreement of 1911, achieved recognition by Germany of France’s “preemptive rights” to Morocco (giving Germany 275 thousand as territorial compensation). km2 in the French Congo), and in 1912 established a protectorate over it (transferring the northern and extreme southern parts of Morocco under the Franco-Spanish agreement of 1912 under the protectorate of Spain). Tangier was declared an international zone.

At the beginning of the 20th century. education F.K.I. It's basically over. In 1894, the Ministry of Colonies was created to manage all French possessions. The legal status of the colonial possessions was different: Algeria was included in the metropolis, Tunisia, Morocco, Cambodia, Laos, Annam were considered independent states under the French protectorate. Formally, power in the protectorates belonged to local monarchs and tribal leaders, but in fact they were controlled by the French administration. The colonial administration was headed by governors-general, military or civil governors, residents general (in protectorates), and vice-governors (in so-called territories). The local administrative apparatus was staffed by French officials. The boundaries between the colonies were established arbitrarily; they were repeatedly changed without taking into account the ethnicity of the local population. In 1895-1904 West African possessions - Senegal, France. Guinea, Bones, Dahomey, France. Sudan and others - were united into the General Government of French West Africa; vast territories of Equatorial Africa - Gabon, Middle Congo, Ubangi-Shari, Chad - were included in the General Government of French Equatorial Africa in 1910.

The enslaved peoples of the French colonies fought for their liberation. This was most clearly manifested in such powerful national liberation movements as the war of Algerian tribes for independence led by Abd al-Qadir (1832-47); the uprising of the Banu Snassen tribes (1859) and a major uprising under the leadership of M. Mukrani (1871-72) in Algeria, the struggle of the Malinke peoples against the conquerors in the river basin. Niger at the end of the 19th century. under the direction of Samori ; the Dahomean movement led by Behanzin; liberation struggle of the Malagasy people in 1895-97; national liberation movement in the countries of Indochina, including the Can Vuong movement (1885-96) and the partisan struggle (until 1913) led by De Thama .

By the beginning of the First World War of 1914-18 in F.K.I. (2nd in size after the British Empire) included territories with a total area of ​​10.6 million. km2 with a population of 55.5 million people. (the area of ​​the metropolis at that time was 0.5 million. km2, population - 39.6 million). France belonged to Africa: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Madagascar, Reunion, France. Somalia, Franz. West Africa, France. Equatorial Africa; in Asia: Cochin China, Cambodia, Annam, Thin, Laos, France. India; in America: Guadeloupe, Martinique, France. Guiana, Saint Pierre and Miquelon Islands; in Oceania: French. Polynesia, New Caledonia, New Hebrides (shared with Great Britain).

As a result of World War I, French possessions expanded even more. From the territories taken from Germany by Treaty of Versailles 1919 , France received most of Togo and Cameroon in Africa as mandated territories (see. Mandatory territories ). The French occupation of Syria and Lebanon, which previously belonged to Turkey, was also covered (1920) by the mandate of the League of Nations.

The usurious nature of French imperialism determined the limited investment in the economy of the colonial possessions; their industry was in its infancy. In 1913, in French foreign trade, the colonies accounted for 12.5% ​​of trade turnover, and in 1937 - 27%. The colonies served as suppliers of food and raw materials for the mother country. Colonialism contributed to the conservation of backward socio-economic structures in the colonies and the preservation of communal-tribal and feudal-landowner relations.

The situation began to change during the 1st World War, when the French colonies became important suppliers of strategic and industrial raw materials, the construction of railways, etc. intensified. In North Africa, Indochina and other colonies, in connection with the development of capitalist relations, a national bourgeoisie and proletariat took shape. Colonies began to play an increasingly prominent role in the economic life of the metropolis.

Under the influence of the Great October Socialist Revolution, a crisis began in the entire colonial system of imperialism, including the F.C.I. In the 20-30s. The national liberation struggle acquired a more organized character, covering primarily the most socially and economically developed French possessions in Indochina and the Arab East, in particular Syria ( Syrian national uprising 1925-27 ). In 1921-26, a liberation war was fought in Morocco under the leadership of Abd al-Kerim .

During the Second World War of 1939-45 and especially in the post-war period, after the military-political defeat of fascism, a new stage of crisis in the colonial system of imperialism unfolded, leading to its collapse. The crash of F. k. and. is an important part of this process. Already during the war years, Syria and Lebanon achieved independence (1943). As a result of the victory August Revolution of 1945 in Vietnam French colonial rule was overthrown on the territory of former French possessions in Indochina, people's democratic power was established and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed. The ruling circles of France were forced to look for new forms of governing the colonies based on their independence in resolving internal issues. This new form, according to the French constitution of 1946, became the so-called. French Union. While condemning colonialism, the constitution of 1946 at the same time preserved the political foundations of the colonial system and French sovereignty over overseas possessions.

In 1946, the French Union occupied an area of ​​about 12 million. km2 with a population of more than 70 million people. Formally, it was divided into three parts: 1) “overseas departments” - 3 departments of Algeria, Reunion, Martinique, Guadeloupe, France. Guiana; 2) “overseas territories”, which nominally became a special part of the French Republic - French West Africa (Senegal, Mauritania, French Sudan, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Upper Volta, Dahomey, Niger), French Equatorial Africa (Gabon, Middle Congo , Ubangi-Chari, Chad), as well as Madagascar, France. Somalia, New Caledonia, Comoros, French Polynesia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon Islands, France. holdings in India; 3) so-called acceded territories and states - Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Morocco, Tunisia, the Anglo-French condominium New Hebrides, trust territories (since December 1946) of Togo and Cameroon.

The “overseas departments” provided for the same local authorities as in France. In the "overseas territories" local elected bodies were created - territorial assemblies (with limited rights). On the basis of the Ministry of Colonies, the Ministry for Overseas Territories was created in 1946. The governing bodies of the Union were the French Parliament and the Assembly of the French Union - an advisory body with limited rights. The President of the Union was the President of the French Republic.

Along with some expansion of the rights of the colonies, the French imperialists took the path of armed suppression of national liberation movements. In 1946, the colonial war in Vietnam was launched on a large scale, and French rule was restored in Laos and Cambodia. However, as a result of a long struggle, the national liberation movement, supported by the Soviet Union and other progressive forces, won a victory over French colonialism: France was forced to sign Geneva Agreements 1954 on the cessation of hostilities in Indochina, on respect for the sovereignty and independence of the three states of Indochina. Under the 1954 treaty with India, France renounced its possessions on the Hindustan Peninsula.

The strongest blow of F. k. and. was carried out in Algeria, where the armed liberation struggle began in 1954 (see. National Democratic Revolution in Algeria ). In 1956 France was forced to recognize the independence of Tunisia and Morocco. During these same years, the anti-colonial movement intensified in Tropical Africa. By 1957, France's possessions had decreased to 10,590 thousand. km2 with a population of 48848 thousand people.

In conditions of the beginning of the collapse of F. to. and. The ruling circles of France tried to maneuver. In 1956, a law was issued on the reform of government in the colonies, which became known as the “framework law”; universal suffrage was introduced in the “overseas territories” and the rights of territorial assemblies were expanded. However, with subsequent decrees (1956-57), the French government actually nullified the “law-framework”. The deep crisis of the French Union and the protracted colonial war in Algeria contributed to the fall of the French Fourth Republic . Its colonial policy showed the impossibility of maintaining the previous forms and methods of colonial rule; the French Union collapsed.

In 1958, a new constitution of France (the Fifth Republic) was adopted, which meant the formal legal abolition of the French Union. It was replaced by the so-called. A community in which its member states officially had the right to "the free and democratic administration of their own affairs." However, such main areas of state activity as foreign policy, defense, monetary system, justice, transport and communications essentially remained in the hands of the metropolis.

During the 1958 referendum on the constitution, held in the metropolis and in the colonies, the people of Guinea refused to approve the constitution and spoke out for independence. On October 2, 1958, the National Assembly of Guinea proclaimed the formation of the Republic of Guinea - the first independent state among French possessions in Tropical Africa.

The Community included: the French Republic, Senegal, Mauritania, Ivory Coast, the Sudanese Republic (until October 1958 - French Sudan), Dahomey, Upper Volta, Niger, Gabon, Chad, Central African Republic (until December 1958 - Ubangi-Shari), Middle Congo, Madagascar. In October - December 1958, all African member states of the Community were proclaimed republics. The remaining possessions retained the same status. The progressive forces of African countries used internal autonomy to further develop the anti-colonial struggle. French imperialism tried to adapt to changing conditions and maintain the colonial empire. In 1960, an addition was made to the French constitution, which provided for the possibility of entry into the Community of States that declared independence. In 1960, the Republic of Cameroon and Togo achieved independence, and then the Federation of Mali, formed in 1959 by the Republic of Senegal and the Sudanese Republic (in the same 1960, this Federation broke up into the Republic of Senegal and the Republic of Mali), the Malagasy Republic (from December 1975 the Republic of Madagascar), the Republic of Dahomey (from November 1975 - People's Republic of Benin), Niger, Upper Volta, Ivory Coast, Chad, Central African (from December 1976 - Empire), Congo (Brazzaville) (from 1970 - People's Republic of Congo), Gabon, Islamic Republic of Mauritania. Thus, France lost direct political dominance over these countries.

On September 19, 1958, the revolutionary forces of the Algerian people proclaimed the formation of the Algerian Republic and created a Provisional Government. The futility of a long colonial war forced France to recognize Algeria's right to self-determination (1959). In March 1962, agreements on a ceasefire and self-determination of Algeria through a referendum were signed in Evian, after which France recognized the independence of Algeria in July 1962. Algeria's gaining of independence actually completed the process of disintegration of the F. k.i. France managed to maintain broad ties with its former colonial possessions in the foreign policy, military, economic and cultural fields, and concluded relevant agreements with African states. These countries are seeking a restructuring of relations with France on the basis of equality. In 1975, most of the Comoros Islands declared independence, and in 1977, the former French territory of the Afars and Issa (Republic of Djibouti). France retained (as of October 1977) the following possessions: with the status of “overseas departments” - Guadeloupe, Guiana, Martinique, Reunion, the islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (since July 1976); with the status of “overseas territories” - New Caledonia, Polynesia (French), Wallis and Futuna Islands, Fr. Mayotte (from the Comoros group of islands), the New Hebrides islands are jointly owned by the Anglo-French. The French lands of Australia and Antarctica also have the status of “overseas territories”.

Lit.: Lenin V.I., Imperialism as the highest stage of capitalism, Complete collection of works, 5th ed., vol. 27; Gavrilyuk V.V., The collapse of the French colonial empire, M., 1962; Entin L. M., The Collapse of the Empire, M., 1965; Subbotin V. A., Colonial policy of France in West Africa (1880-1900), M., 1959; his, French colonial expansion at the end of the 19th century, M., 1962; his, Colonies of France in 1870-1918. Tropical Africa and the Islands of the Indian Ocean, M., 1973; Dementiev Yu. P., French policy in Indochina and the formation of the Indochina Union (1858-1907), M., 1975; Ghukasyan-Gandzaketsi L. G., French imperialism and Africa, M., 1962; French policy in Asia and Africa (1945-1964), M., 1965; Ravva N.P., Polynesia. Essay on the history of French colonies (late XVIII - XIX centuries), M., 1972; Blet N., Histoire de la colonization française, t. 1-3, P., 1946-1950; Brunschwig N., Mythes et réalités de l’imperialiste colonial français 1871-1914, P., 1960; Girault A., Les colonies françaises avant et depuis 1815, P., 1943; Gonidec P. P., L'évolution des territories d'outremer depuis 1946, P., 1958; Ort A., Francouzská. koloniální politika po 2 svetové válce, Prague, 1968: Roberts N., History of French colonial policy (1870-1925), L. - Edinb., 1963.

L. B. Teplinsky.

Politics on the American continent:

Edict establishing the Company of Senegal and its privileges (1679)

Politics in Africa:

Agreement between France and Italy on the division of spheres of influence on the northern coast of Africa (Rome, December 14-16, 1900)

Franco-Moroccan Treaty establishing a French protectorate over Morocco (Fez, March 30, 1912)

French colonization of Algeria (From a letter from the wife of the French general Bro to her brother, 1834)

Testimonies of participants and eyewitnesses of the conquest of Algeria (P.

Christian, private secretary to Marshal Bugeaud; Colonel Montagnac)

Treaties of peace and friendship between France and Abd al-Qadir

Convention concluded at Tangier on September 10, 1844, for the settlement of certain disputes between France and Morocco

Diplomatic correspondence between France and England:

Instructional dispatch from the French Foreign Minister Waddington, sent to the Ambassador in London to the Marquis d'Harcourt, Paris, July 21, 1878.

Instructive dispatch from the French Foreign Minister Waddington, sent to the Ambassador in London to the Marquis d'Harcourt, (Paris, July 26, 1878)

Dispatch from the British Foreign Secretary Salisbury to the English Ambassador in Paris, Lord Lyons (Foreign Office, August 7, 1878)

Letter from the Bey of Tunis, Muhammad al-Sadiq, to ​​the Charge d'Affaires of France in Tunisia, Rustan, April 25, 1881.

About the uprising of 1881

West Africa:

From the agreement between King Bonnie Pepel and the commander of the French warship Fleuriot de Langle dated October 4, 1841.

From the peace treaty of the Governor of Senegal L.

Treaty of the Governor of Senegal L.

France and the state of Uasulu:

Dispatches from the French Foreign Minister Ribot to the French Ambassador in London Waddington

From the memoirs of French officers - Baratier and Peroz

French capture of Sicasso in 1898

(From the diary of a French officer who took part in the assault on the city)

Anglo-French Convention on the Delimitation of Dominions and Spheres of Influence in West Africa (Paris, June 14, 1898)

Madagascar:

From the Treaty of Tananarive of September 12, 1862 “on friendship and trade between France and Madagascar”

Anglo-French Declarations on Zanzibar, Madagascar and West Africa (London, 5 August 1890)

Politics in Southeast Asia:

Note from Catholic missionary E.R.

Huck to Napoleon III (January 1857)

The beginning of French colonial expansion in Vietnam. Treaty of Saigon 1862

Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between France and Cambodia, concluded at Oudong on August 11, 1863.

Treaty between France and Siam, concluded in Paris on July 15, 1867, to regulate the political situation and boundaries of Cambodia

in order to regulate relations between both countries

put an end to misunderstandings between the two countries and strengthen friendly relations between them

Colonies of France, Jesse Russell. For example, in 1535, the Frenchman Jacques Cartier explored the mouth of the St. Lawrence River, laying the foundation for the colony of New France, which once occupied the entire central part of the North American continent.

The French colonial empire (French L’Empire colonial français) is the totality of the colonial possessions of France in the period between 1546-1962. Like the British Empire, France had colonial territories in all regions of the world, but its colonial policies differed significantly from Britain's. Unlike the two Iberian countries, the French showed interest in both tropical and temperate latitudes.

Initially, France had the most favorable conditions for creating a leading colonial empire.

French colonies in Africa

The Treaty of Paris (1763) deprived France of large lands in North America in what is now Canada and the United States, as well as in Senegal.

In 1814, Great Britain and Portugal returned to France the lower reaches of the Senegal River and a number of Caribbean islands, along with French Guiana. COLONIES AND COLONIAL POLITICS - Colonies were originally settlements of traders and farmers.

Colonies of Spain - Map of the colonial expansion of the Spanish Empire.

See what “Former colonies of France” are in other dictionaries:

A colony is a dependent territory without independent political and economic power, a possession of another state.

This book will be produced in accordance with your order using Print-on-Demand technology. France's policy was aggressive and persistent, so the power eventually acquired significant size on a planetary scale (all French colonies accounted for 9% of the earth's surface).

Despite the fact that the address is only available in the French version, in general terms the meaning of the message against the backdrop of black banners is clear even without translation.

Moreover, there are a lot of French here (about 750 thousand), which is not typical for other French colonies and the colonies of Holland, for example.

In 1881, its capture began, accompanied by uprisings and war. In general, this region was not strong, because agriculture here was not properly developed, and industry was carried out at a low level.

Often clashes arose between the leaders of the colonies of England and France over certain lands, but, usually, it did not come to war. There were conflicts with other European countries over the possession of new territories, sometimes disputes even occurred over already formed colonies.

The first actions of France in Madagascar took place in the 30s of the 19th century, then the European power only entered into agreements with local tribes, approaching general power.

The average resident of some default developed power of the first world does not even know about the existence of these colonial countries and will probably discover their names for the first time. For many liberals, this seems wild, but in the 21st century, as before, there are still colonies in the most literal sense.

Colonies existed in the late Middle Ages and still exist in the 21st century, only under different names.

Heresy! Only stupid people who don’t understand history and politics at all and don’t know the world beyond their own countries think so! Actually, no one really hides the fact that this or that country has states dependent on it, they just try not to talk about it too much.

Former colonies of France

French soldier in Mali

In reality, this means that there is a puppet government in the country that brainwashes people, robs the country and the local population.

Of course, local residents understand this, which is why insurgencies and wars in these regions do not subside. It is worth noting that in the 21st century, the calmest place is in the British colonies, while in the French there is eternal chaos and chaos, and you constantly have to use force to maintain the situation.

Nickel mining in New Caledonia, which owns 10% of the world's reserves of this metal

Of course, these little countries are of little use in the economic and diplomatic sense, because they are poor people and no one cares about their opinion. All countries in which the monarch is the King/Queen of Great Britain are dependent territories of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

The French are settling their colonies in Africa in our time, the French Foreign Legion is in action against the rebels.

Fighting in the city of Kodiara, in the country of Mali, which is one of the French colonies. Muscovy (a city and a country within a country) has Caucasian, Trans-Ural, Siberian, Far Eastern, Tatar, Karelian and other colonies.

Colonies of Germany - German colonial empire Colonies of Germany, territories that were colonially dependent on Germany or its constituent lands.

During the era of great discoveries, France became the third European country (after Portugal and Spain) to become involved in the exploration and colonization of overseas territories. Top European countries owe their wealth and prosperity to their colonies. Moreover, the population of France was more than three times that of Britain.

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One of the main differences between Algeria and the other French-controlled Maghreb countries was the extensive settlements established there. European settlers began arriving immediately after the capture of Algeria in 1830.

These settlers were encouraged by colonial policies that made it easier for them to massively "acquire" Algerian lands at the expense of the indigenous population.

Later, a series of laws (Code de l'indigénat) were codified to create a lower legal status for the natives and give the colonists even more special status.

In any case, in 1847 (slightly before the official annexation of Algeria in 1848), the population of settlers had already reached 100,000 people, representing almost 5% of the total population. Later this reached about 10% of the total population, disproportionately occupying most of the arable land.

The settler population was nowhere near this level in Morocco and Tunisia.

Table source: Wikipedia

As for why Algeria had more settlers than the other colonies, a possible simple reason (highlighted by Medi Saif in the comments to this answer) could be that it was the first under French control. Algeria was annexed in 1830 and Tunisia was captured in 1881, with Morocco only becoming a French protectorate in 1912.

Thus, the initial European settlement of Algeria promoted a higher degree of integration with France (including annexation) and favorable laws for French citizens, and in turn, all of this contributed to an even greater settlement in Algeria.

Hope this answers your question.

I understand that there could be a catch situation there.

40. French colonial empire (until the 20th century)

More settlers necessitate more formal integration with France proper (to protect the settlers). More formal integration means it is more attractive to settlers, which brings in more settlers. As for why there were more settlers initially, it may have just been the simple reason that it was closer/more accessible to France.

Even a small advantage can make a difference due to the catch-22 effect. But this part is just my guess.

@Bregalad point out that Algeria was also colonized longer by France 1830-1961 >130 years! (Morroco officially 1912-1956, Tunisia 1881-1956)

@MediSaif I think this makes more sense than my speculation.

I included this point in my answer.

@user69715 "Catch 22" ... you keep using that phrase and clearly don't know what it means.