Rulers of Britain in chronological order. History of the ruling dynasties of England
Original taken from 13mayapple13 in Kings and Queens of England and Great Britain. Chronology.
Edward II (Eng. Edward II, 1284-1327, also called Edward of Caernarvon, at his place of birth in Wales), is the English king (from 1307 until his deposition in January 1327) from the Plantagenet dynasty, the son of Edward I.
The first English heir to the throne, who bore the title of "Prince of Wales" (according to legend, at the request of the Welsh to give them a king who was born in Wales and did not speak English, Edward I showed them his newborn son, who had just been born in his camp) . Having inherited his father's throne at the age of less than 23, Edward II fought very unsuccessfully against Scotland, whose troops were led by Robert the Bruce. The popularity of the king also undermined his loyalty to the favorites hated by the people (as it was believed, the king's lovers) - the Gascon Pierre Gaveston, and then the English nobleman Hugh Despenser the Younger. Philip IV the Handsome, who fled to France.
Edward III Edward III .
Richard II (eng. Richard II, 1367-1400) - English king (1377-1399), representative of the Plantagenet dynasty, grandson of King Edward III, son of Edward the Black Prince.
Richard was born in Bordeaux - his father fought in France on the fields of the Hundred Years' War. When the Black Prince died in 1376, during the life of Edward III, the young Richard received the title of Prince of Wales, and a year later inherited the throne from his grandfather.
Henry IV Bolingbroke (Eng. Henry IV of Bolingbroke, April 3, 1367, Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire - March 20, 1413, Westminster) - King of England (1399-1413), founder of the Lancaster dynasty (a younger branch of the Plantagenets).
Henry V (English Henry V) (August 9, according to other sources, September 16, 1387, Monmouth Castle, Monmouthshire, Wales - August 31, 1422, Vincennes (now in Paris), France) - King of England from 1413, from the Lancaster dynasty, one of the greatest commanders of the Hundred Years War. Defeated the French at the Battle of Agincourt (1415). Under an agreement in Troyes (1420), he became the heir of the French king Charles VI the Mad and received the hand of his daughter Catherine. He continued the war with the son of Charles, who did not recognize the treaty, the Dauphin (the future Charles VII) and died during this war, just two months before Charles VI; if he had lived these two months, he would have become the king of France. He died in August 1422, presumably from dysentery.
Henry VI (eng. Henry VI, fr. Henri VI) (December 6, 1421, Windsor - May 21 or 22, 1471, London) - the third and last king of England from the Lancaster dynasty (from 1422 to 1461 and from 1470 to 1471). The only one of the English kings who, during and after the Hundred Years' War, bore the title "King of France", who was actually crowned (1431) and reigned over a large part of France.
Edward IV (April 28, 1442, Rouen - April 9, 1483, London) - King of England in 1461-1470 and 1471-1483, a representative of the York Plantagenet line, seized the throne during the War of the Scarlet and White Roses.
Eldest son of Richard, Duke of York and Cecilia Neville, brother of Richard III. On his father's death in 1460, he inherited his titles of Earl of Cambridge, March and Ulster and Duke of York. In 1461, at the age of eighteen, he ascended the English throne with the support of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick.
He was married to Elizabeth Woodville (1437-1492), children:
Elizabeth (1466–1503), married to King Henry VII of England
Maria (1467-1482),
Cecilia (1469-1507),
Edward V (1470-1483?),
Richard (1473-1483?),
Anna (1475-1511),
Catherine (1479-1527),
Bridget (1480-1517).
The king was a great hunter of women and, in addition to his official wife, he was secretly engaged to one or more women, which later allowed the royal council to declare his son Edward V illegitimate and, together with his other son, imprison him in the Tower.
Edward IV died unexpectedly on April 9, 1483.
Edward V (November 4, 1470 (14701104) -1483?) - King of England from April 9 to June 25, 1483, son of Edward IV; not crowned. Deposed by his uncle the Duke of Gloucester, who declared the king and his younger brother Duke Richard of York illegitimate children, and himself became King Richard III. A 12-year-old and a 10-year-old boy were imprisoned in the Tower, further fate their exactness is unknown. The most common point of view is that they were killed on the orders of Richard (this version was official under the Tudors), however, various researchers accuse many other figures of that time, including Richard's successor Henry VII, of the murder of the princes.
Richard III (Eng. Richard III) (October 2, 1452, Fotheringay - August 22, 1485, Bosworth) - King of England c 1483, from the York dynasty, the last representative of the male Plantagenet line on the English throne. Brother of Edward IV. He took the throne, removing the minor Edward V. At the Battle of Bosworth (1485) he was defeated and killed. One of only two kings of England to die in battle (after Harold II, who was killed at Hastings in 1066).
Henry VII (Eng. Henry VII; to the English King James I and after the death of Queen Anne (1714) was called to take the English throne. From 1714 to 1837, the elector of G. was in a personal union with Great Britain and was ruled by governors. English kings as electors of Hanover, they took to heart the interests of G. George I acquired for G. the duchies of Bremen and Verden (1719) under the Stockholm Treaty, from the Swedes. His son, George II August (1727-1760), founded the university in Göttingen, where he invited the best scientific forces in Germany. Both during the Seven Years' War and later, under George III (1760-1820), during the Napoleonic Wars, Georgia became a permanent theater of operations. In 1801-02. G. was occupied by the Prussian troops, in 1803-1805 - by the French, who introduced a provisional government from the Zemstvo deputation and the executive commission. But in 1805, as a result of the war with Austria and Russia, the French clear G., where Russians, Swedes and Prussians appear. After the Battle of Austerlitz, Napoleon ceded to G. Prussia, but in the autumn of 1806 the French again invaded there. In 1807, Napoleon annexed the entire southern part of Georgia to the Kingdom of Westphalia, and in 1810 the rest, but in December of the same year, from the coastal strip, he formed the departments of the mouths of the Weser and Elbe, which are directly part of the French Empire. In 1813, G. was occupied by the allies and, through the Congress of Vienna, received East Frisia and Hildesheim, was elevated to a kingdom and returned to George III. At the Congress of Vienna, the Hanoverian minister, Count. Munster was the defender of constitutional principles. As early as 1814, the Prince Regent (the future King George IV) convened a temporary assembly of zemstvo officials (Landstande), and in 1819 issued a constitution in the narrow spirit of the nobility. Although two chambers were established, even in the 2nd people's representation an insignificant place was allotted. George IV was succeeded by his brother Wilhelm IV (in Hanover - Wilhelm I, 1830-37). The July Revolution of 1830 also found a response in Georgia; riots arose (1831) in Göttingen and Osterode. The assembly of officials, reinforced by liberal elements, demanded a revision of the constitution. In 1833, a new constitution was approved, which equalized the rights of both chambers, attracted deputies from the peasantry, established the responsibility of ministers, expanded the legislative and financial powers of the chambers, and established publicity and freedom of the press. With the death of Wilhelm IV, G.'s personal union with Great Britain ended, Queen Victoria ascended the throne, and G. passed to Wilhelm's brother, Ernst-August (1837-51). Immediately upon accession to the throne, Ernst-August announced that he did not consider the constitution of 1833 issued without his consent as heir to the throne to be binding on himself. The chambers were dissolved, the officials were released from the oath of this constitution and a new oath of the old constitution of 1819 was demanded. The population greeted the changes indifferently, and only 7 Göttingen professors (Dahlmann, Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm, Gervinus, Ewald, Weber and Albrecht) refused to take a new oath and therefore they were deprived of their chairs, and Dahlmann and Jacob Grimm and Gervinus were removed from the country. At the beginning of 1838, the newly convened chambers were asked to approve a draft constitution in the spirit of 1819, with the proviso that if the chambers refused to accept the draft, the king himself would make such changes in the composition of the chambers as he saw fit. The chambers nevertheless rejected the project and were dissolved in July of the same year. Only in 1840 did the newly convened chambers adopt a draft constitution. In 1845, the government, without the consent of the chambers, began to introduce new orders in city government in order to strengthen the influence of the administration and weaken the activities of local government. The triumph of reactionary politics in Germany was, however, short-lived. After the February Revolution (1848), Ernst-August found himself compelled to restore freedom of the press, publicity in the chambers, grant amnesty to all political criminals, and even allow the election of representatives to the Frankfurt Parliament. The order of things of 1833 was almost restored, and the new Benigsen-Stuwe ministry heralded a series of liberal reforms. The excitement in the country, however, did not subside, and the hostility of the king to the unifying German national aspirations deprived him of any popularity and confidence; in 1849, 50 deputies of the 2nd chamber even demanded the subordination of Hanover to Prussia. Meanwhile, Ernst-August, alien to the spirit of national German aspirations and unsettled by the old routine of politics, showed remarkable changeability. In May 1850 he joined the so-called Three Kings Alliance (Dreikonigsbundniss: Prussia, Saxony and Hanover), but in December of that year he withdrew from this alliance and entered into negotiations with Austria. The following year, he again bowed to the side of Prussia, finally agreeing, after years of negotiations, to enter into a customs union. Under such circumstances, the son of Ernst-August, George V, came to the throne. The first years of his reign were spent in constant wrangles with the chambers over the constitution and repeated changes in ministries (Backmeister, Windhorst, Borris, Litke, Decken, etc.). Finally, in 1855, the king declared that, owing to the impossibility of reaching an agreement with the chambers, he himself would draft a constitution, which was promulgated by royal decree. However, provisions on the responsibility of ministers, on publicity and oral legal proceedings, and on the self-government of communities have been preserved. When in 1856 political and press crimes were removed from the jurisdiction of the jury, the government found itself in the chambers in a minority of 34 to 50. The following year, having received a majority in the second chamber of the newly convened emergency Sejm, the government declared that the chambers were only allowed to check budget rather than approve it. Constant strife in matters of internal administration between the government and the chambers did not prevent their solidarity in foreign policy, in which G. kept the Great German trend and in every possible way counteracted the influence of Prussia. And here, however, agreement was soon broken by Schleswig-Holstein affairs; G.'s participation, by decision of the Allied Sejm, in the execution occupation of the duchies provoked a heated protest in the second chamber, especially among representatives of the progressive party. In the ensuing conflict between Austria and Prussia, George V at the beginning decided to remain strictly neutral, but at the insistence of his half-brother, the Austrian general Prince Solms-Braunfels, leaned on the side of Austria. The Prussian proposal for disarmament was rejected, and the Prussians occupied the capital; The 20,000th Hanoverian army intended to break through to the southeast in order to join the Bavarian corps, and at the Langesaltz they threw back the Prussian vanguard, but, surrounded by a 40,000th Prussian army, was forced on June 28, 1866 to surrender to capitulation. By the law of September 20, 1866, Germany was annexed to Prussia; the following year, the Prussian constitution was extended to Georgia; in 1884-85 The Prussian administrative system was also introduced.
Wettins- one of the oldest clans in Europe, known from the 5th century. Duke Vitigisel (d. 434) is considered the founder of the House. The Wettins are a Saxon family that got its name from the Wettin castle on the Saale river. Defeated by Charlemagne, the Saxons were resettled south (from Lower Saxony to Upper Saxony). From 1089 the Wettins were margraves of Meissen, from 1247 they were landgraves of Thuringia. By the 15th century became one of the most influential German families, in connection with which in 1423 they received the title of dukes of Saxony and electors. In 1485 the House was divided into two main lines, named after the names of the founders - Ernestine and Albertine. Ernst got the title of elector and most of Thuringia, Albrecht - part of Northern Thuringia and the Meissen brand. In 1547 the title of elector passed to the Albertine line. In the possessions of the Ernestine line, several duchies were formed, one of which - Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach - became a grand duchy in 1815 by decree of the Congress of Vienna. OK. 1580 the Saxe-Altenburg line separated from the Ernestine (Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach) line (extinct in 1672), approx. 1630 - Saxe-Gotha line (faded in 1825), in 1671 - Saxe-Eisenach line (faded 1741). Saxe-Saalfeld (since 1826 - Saxe-Coburg-Gotha). Representatives of the Saxe-Coburg-Gotha line founded the Belgian Royal House in 1831 and the Bulgarian Royal House in 1887. The possessions of the Albertine line formed the Electorate of Saxony (since 1806 - a kingdom). In 1650, the lines of Saxe-Weissenfel (stopped in 1746), Saxe-Merseburg (stopped in 1731), and Saxe-Zeitz (stopped in 1759) separated from the Albertina line. Among the founders of the German Empire were five states ruled by members of the House of Wetgin - the Kingdom of Saxony, the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and the duchies of Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Saxe-Meiningen. The rulers of these states lost their thrones during the revolution of 1918. The Wettin House is one of the most extensive in Europe. The Wettins ruled in the Commonwealth (1697-1763), Portugal (1853-1910), Bulgaria (1887-1946), ruled in Belgium (since 1831) and Great Britain (since 1901). The Wettins were the first in Germany to accept the Reformation. Elector Frederick the Wise was a friend and patron of Martin Luther. The Albertine line of the House, in connection with the election of its representative to the Polish throne, returned to Catholicism in 1697.