Introduction to biology. characteristics and properties of living systems. Presentation on the topic “man as a biological species” The main stages of human evolution

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Natural science, grade 11 Man is a unique living system. Teacher of MKOU Mikhailovskaya Secondary School - G.M. Moiseeva

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I am a particle of the whole universe... I am a king - I am a slave - I am a worm - I am God! But, being so wonderful, when did I come from? - unknown; But I couldn’t be myself. (G.R. Derzhavin) Purpose: to consider the human body as a biological system; study the specific features of the human body; determine what is unique about the “Man” phenomenon.

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Even Aristotle, in his classification, included man in the Animal Kingdom. There he also found a place in modern scientific taxonomy: Animals; Phylum Chordata; Class Mammals; Order Primates; Family Hominids: Genus Homo; The species is a reasonable person. A person, like any living organism, is characterized by all manifestations of life activity (growth, development, reproduction, etc.) and their patterns. Like all living organisms, a person needs a life support system: oxygen, water, food, etc. He receives all this from the environment. The continuous and inextricable connection of living organisms with the natural environment is a systemic structure of nature. Leonardo da Vinci's drawing from anatomical manuscripts, which linked perfect geometric figures with human proportions, became a kind of symbol of the synthesis of natural science and art.

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THE HUMAN BODY AS A BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM. The human body can be considered as a logical system. This means that it has integrity, that is, internal unity due to its structural and functional organization.

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Distinctive features of humans: a much more developed nervous system in terms of some morphological and functional indicators, contributing to its integrative and coordinating functions; very large brain (respectively large size of the brain and small size of the facial skull). In humans, the brain makes up 1/46 of the body weight, while the largest brain in size and weight of the largest animals is: in the elephant - 1/560. and in a whale - 1/8000 of body weight; presence of speech - the ability to create and use complex sounds; rich facial signaling; binocular vision; upright posture and associated differences in the musculoskeletal system (movable hand, movable shoulder joint and some other differences). Considering the human body as a biological system, we can highlight its general and specific organizational features, study and explain the features of interaction with environmental factors.

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The specific biological characteristics of man contributed to the fact that his capabilities and needs could not be limited solely to biological needs.

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The formation of man through the assimilation of cultural heritage has become the main way of his evolution. In the biological evolution of animals, occurring at the population level, there is a place for learning. Such transfer of behavioral skills did not become a leading factor in evolution. Biologists note that the role of learning in the evolution of animals increases under unfavorable environmental conditions, since it is under these conditions that the ability of a population to function significantly depends on the method of behavior. During periods of relatively stable environmental conditions, this evolutionary path is generally absent.

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The uniqueness of the “MAN” phenomenon. Man is a thinking being, capable of cognizing the laws of nature and society, and being aware of himself in this world. How does a person learn the social laws of society? This knowledge is carried out as familiarization with cultural traditions, as upbringing and education. Thus, a person crystallizes in himself everything that has been accumulated by humanity over the centuries. It is interesting to note that the biological in a person changes much more slowly than the social. 40-50 thousand years is a colossal time from the point of view of human history, but human biology has not changed in any noticeable way - the volume of the brain, the structure of organ systems, sensory organs, and emotions have remained the same. At the same time, the social in it is unrecognizable and is rapidly being transformed.

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The uniqueness of the “MAN” phenomenon. Biology is not the main determining factor for humans. A person is formed in a sociocultural environment, which, on the one hand, gradually becomes a specific habitat for him, and on the other, is a product of his activity. This interaction and mutual influence occurs throughout a person’s life. As a person develops as an individual under the influence of the sociocultural environment, his biological instincts are, as it were, “tamed.” An integral characteristic of man, which sharply and fundamentally distinguishes him from animals, is spirituality. This concept can be defined in different ways, but its meaning remains the same: it is the ability to perceive intangible values. A person, even well adapted to the social environment, cannot live in society only according to legal laws, since they cannot provide for all cases of people’s behavior in various situations. There are also unwritten moral laws that guide people in their everyday decisions and actions. They are determined by a person's personal values. The search for moral guidelines and spiritual development of a person is given by all types of art, literature, religion, philosophy and other ways of understanding the world, the cultural heritage of mankind. Man is a biosocial and spiritual being. As a living organism, it is included in the natural connection of phenomena and is subject to biophysical, biochemical and physiological laws.

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The different races of man are the unity of man as a biological species.

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Anthropogenesis is one of the branches of anthropology (the science of man), which studies the origin and evolution of man, his formation as a species in the process of formation of society. Until recently, there was only one theory of the emergence of man - Darwinian, but, as a person living in real time, I cannot help but point out the alternative theories that have appeared recently. It should be noted that there are a number of different theories, but the main ones are the following:

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Theories of anthropogenesis: 1. Evolutionary theory. Evolutionary theory suggests that humans evolved from higher primates - apes - through gradual modification under the influence of external factors and natural selection. The evolutionary theory of anthropogenesis has an extensive range of diverse evidence - paleontological, archaeological, biological, genetic, cultural, psychological and others.

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However, much of this evidence can be interpreted ambiguously, allowing opponents of evolutionary theory to challenge it. However, below I will more fully consider this particular theory, despite the fact that it is much more pleasant to realize that you came from God, at least from a “stray humanoid,” than the fact that your ancestor was something that is still rocking on vines, chewing bananas and making faces... But let's get back to the theories...

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Theories of anthropogenesis: Theory of creation (creationism). This theory states that man was created by God, the gods, or divine power out of nothing or from some non-biological material. The most famous biblical version is that the first people - Adam and Eve - were created from clay. This version has more ancient Egyptian roots and a number of analogues in the myths of other peoples. The myths about the transformation of animals into people and the birth of the first people by gods can also be considered a variety of the theory of creation.

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Orthodox theology considers the theory of creation to be self-evident. However, various evidence has been put forward for this theory, the most important of which is the similarity of myths and legends of different peoples telling about the creation of man. Modern theology uses the latest scientific data to prove the theory of creation, which, however, for the most part do not contradict the theory of evolution.

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Some currents of modern theology bring creationism closer to evolutionary theory, believing that man evolved from apes through gradual modification, but not as a result of natural selection, but by the will of God or in accordance with a divine program.

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Theories of anthropogenesis: The theory of external intervention. According to this theory, the appearance of people on Earth is in one way or another connected with the activities of other civilizations. In its simplest form, TVV considers humans to be direct descendants of aliens who landed on Earth in prehistoric times.

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More complex variants of TVB involve: a) crossing of aliens with the ancestors of people; b) the creation of Homo sapiens using genetic engineering methods; c) the creation of the first people in a homuncular way; d) control of the evolutionary development of earthly life by the forces of extraterrestrial superintelligence; e) the evolutionary development of earthly life and intelligence according to a program originally laid down by extraterrestrial superintelligence.

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There are other, to varying degrees, fantastic hypotheses of anthropogenesis related to the theory of external intervention.

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Theories of anthropogenesis: Theory of spatial anomalies Followers of this theory interpret anthropogenesis as an element of the development of a stable spatial anomaly - the humanoid triad "Matter - Energy - Aura", characteristic of many planets of the Earth's Universe and its analogues in parallel spaces. TPA assumes that in humanoid universes on most habitable planets, the biosphere develops along the same path, programmed at the level of the Aura - information substance.

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Under favorable conditions, this path leads to the emergence of a humanoid mind of the earth type. In general, the interpretation of anthropogenesis in TPA does not have significant differences with evolutionary theory. However, TPA recognizes the existence of a certain program for the development of life and intelligence, which, along with random factors, controls evolution.

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So, let's return to the first theory, according to which anthropogenesis - the process of separating man from the animal world - went through, according to most researchers, four main stages.

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The main stages of human evolution 1. The earliest people: Pithecanthropus or the most ancient man, or Proteranthropus or Archanthropus. (habitat expanded) Ancient People: Neanderthal or paleoanthrope. (production of differentiated tools). Modern people: Neoanthropus (development of speech, art and abstract thinking).

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The most ancient people AUSTRALOPITHECESUS Australopithecines or “southern monkeys” - highly organized, upright primates, are considered to be the original forms in the human ancestry. Australopithecines inherited many properties from their arboreal ancestors, the most important of which were the ability and desire to handle objects with their hands in a variety of ways (manipulation) and the high development of herd relations.

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They were completely terrestrial creatures, relatively small in size - on average body length 120-130 cm, weight 30-40 kg. Their characteristic feature, as I noted above, was a bipedal gait and an upright body position, as evidenced by the structure of the pelvis, skeleton of the limbs and skull. Free upper limbs made it possible to use sticks, stones, etc.

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The brain section of the skull was relatively large in size, and the facial part was shortened. The teeth were small, densely spaced, without diastemas, with a tooth pattern characteristic of humans. They lived on open plains such as savannas. Judging by the discovery of Louis Leakey (Zinjanthropus Boyes), the age of Australopithecus is 1.75 million years.

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The most ancient people PYTHECANTHROPUS For the first time, the fossil remains of the most ancient people, called archanthropus, were discovered by the Dutchman E. Dubois on the island of Java in 1890. But only in 1949, thanks to the discovery near Beijing of 40 individuals of ancient people along with their stone tools (called Sinanthropus), did scientists agree that it was the ancient people who were the intermediate “missing link” in the human ancestry.

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Ancient people NEANDERTHAL We have the opportunity to judge the culture of paleoanthropus from numerous Mousterian sites. The Mousterian culture, in relation to the previous one, was more advanced both in processing technology and the use of tools, and in the variety of their shapes, the thoroughness of processing and production purposes.

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Neanderthals were people of average height, strong, massive build, and in general skeletal structure they were closer to modern man. The volume of the braincase ranged from 1200 cm/cube to 1800 cm/cube, although the shape of their skull differed from the skull of a modern person. In my opinion, the biggest inconsistency in evolutionary theory is precisely the period of the Neanderthals.

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How to explain such a sharp dissimilarity in the appearance of a Neanderthal and Homo sapiens? And what could have caused the sudden disappearance of paleoanthropes? How could it happen that ancient people, the creators of a fairly high material culture, to some extent close to us in the manifestation of their intellect and emotions, suddenly so quickly and “mysteriously” disappeared from the face of the Earth, giving way to neanthropic Cro-Magnons... etc .d.

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Modern people NEOANTHROPUS The time of appearance of modern humans occurs at the beginning of the Late Paleolithic (70-35 thousand years ago). It is associated with a powerful leap in the development of productive forces, the formation of a tribal society and a consequence of the process of completing the biological evolution of Homo sapiens.

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Neoanthropes were tall people, proportionally built. The average height of men is 180-185 cm, women - 163-160 cm. Cro-Magnons were distinguished by their long legs due to the long length of their lower legs. A powerful torso, a wide chest, highly developed muscle relief - an impressive characteristic, isn’t it?

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Neoanthropes are multi-layered sites and settlements, flint and bone tools, and residential structures. This includes a complex burial ritual, jewelry, the first masterpieces of fine art, etc. The distribution area of neoanthropes is unusually extensive - they appeared in various geographical areas, settled across all continents and climatic zones. They lived everywhere where a person could live.

Plan:

1. Contents and tasks of medical biology.

2. Biosocial essence of man.

3. Definition of the concept of “life” and “living”.

4. Qualitative features and characteristics of living systems.

5. Levels of organization of living systems.

Contents and tasks of medical biology.

Biology is the science of living nature.

The term "biology" was proposed by J.B. Lamarck in 1802, by whom he defined it as the science of life as a special phenomenon of nature.

Biology studies life in all its manifestations, i.e. morphology, physiology, evolution of living organisms, their relationships with each other and their environment.

Ippolit Vasilievich Davydovsky:

“Medicine, taken in terms of theory, is, first of all, general biology.”

Biology is the theoretical basis of medicine. Medical biology is the science of people, their

origin, evolution and geographical distribution, changes in the size of human populations and their structure in time and space.

Studies human heredity, the essence and significance of innate differences between individuals, human ecology, as well as adaptive mechanisms and means that humans use in the fight against a hostile environment, including pathogens.

The main task of the subject is to form in the future doctor the genetic, ecological and evolutionary thinking that he will need in the future.

The doctor must associate the health of patients with the combined effect of three factors: heredity, environment and lifestyle.

Biosocial essence of man. Human in the course of medical biology is studied

as a biosocial being.

As a biological species, man was formed according to the laws of biological evolution under the influence of biological factors (heredity, variability, struggle for existence).

Man is a part of nature, therefore the structure and functions of the human body, as well as its genetic program, are the result of long-term evolutionary transformations of previous forms.

The uniqueness of human evolution is that biological evolutionary factors gradually lose their leading importance, giving way to social.

The formation of a social person occurs through the transformation of the animal psyche into human consciousness under the influence of social factors (labor, speech, social life, upbringing and education).

The combination of these two tasks lies in the qualitative uniqueness of man as a biological species,

those. Man is a biosocial being.

The main task of medical biology is the study of the laws of human life, i.e. biological origin, and the social is the subject of study by philosophers and sociologists.

Definition of the concept of “life” and “living”. Qualitative features and characteristics of living things

systems Aristotle: "nutrition, growth and decrepitude."

G. Treviranus: “persistent uniformity of processes despite differences in external influences.”

F. Engels: “Life is a way of existence of protein bodies, the essential point of which is the constant exchange of substances with the surrounding external environment...”.

M.V. Wolkenstein (1965): “Living bodies are open, self-regulating and self-reproducing systems built from biopolymers - proteins and nucleic acids.”

Grobstein: “Life is a macromolecular system, characterized by a certain hierarchical organization, as well as the ability to reproduce, metabolize, and carefully regulate the flow of energy.”

Lyapunov: “Life is a highly stable state of matter that uses information encoded by the states of individual molecules to develop conservation reactions.”

Presentation on the topic "Man as a biological species" in biology in powerpoint format. The presentation for schoolchildren gives the concept of anthropogenesis, presents theories of anthropogenesis and the main stages of human evolution.

Fragments from the presentation

Anthropogenesis– one of the branches of anthropology (the science of man), which studies the origin and evolution of man, his formation as a species in the process of formation of society.
Until recently, there was only one theory of the emergence of man - Darwinian, but, as a person living in real time, I cannot help but point out the alternative theories that have appeared recently. It should be noted that there are a number of different theories, but the main ones are the following:

Theories of anthropogenesis:

Evolutionary theory.

Evolutionary theory suggests that humans evolved from higher primates - apes - through gradual modification under the influence of external factors and natural selection.
The evolutionary theory of anthropogenesis has an extensive range of diverse evidence - paleontological, archaeological, biological, genetic, cultural, psychological and others.
However, much of this evidence can be interpreted ambiguously, allowing opponents of evolutionary theory to challenge it. However, below I will more fully consider this particular theory, despite the fact that it is much more pleasant to realize that you came from God, at least from a “stray humanoid,” than the fact that your ancestor was something that is still rocking on vines, chewing bananas and making faces... But let's get back to the theories...

Theory of creation (creationism).

This theory states that man was created by God, the gods, or divine power out of nothing or from some non-biological material. The most famous biblical version is that the first people - Adam and Eve - were created from clay. This version has more ancient Egyptian roots and a number of analogues in the myths of other peoples.
The myths about the transformation of animals into people and the birth of the first people by gods can also be considered a variety of the theory of creation. Orthodox theology considers the theory of creation to be self-evident. However, various evidence has been put forward for this theory, the most important of which is the similarity of myths and legends of different peoples telling about the creation of man.
Modern theology uses the latest scientific data to prove the theory of creation, which, however, for the most part do not contradict the theory of evolution.
Some currents of modern theology bring creationism closer to evolutionary theory, believing that man evolved from apes through gradual modification, but not as a result of natural selection, but by the will of God or in accordance with a divine program.

The theory of external intervention.

According to this theory, the appearance of people on Earth is in one way or another connected with the activities of other civilizations. In its simplest form, TVV considers humans to be direct descendants of aliens who landed on Earth in prehistoric times.

More complex TVV options involve:

interbreeding of aliens with human ancestors;
the creation of Homo sapiens using genetic engineering methods;
the creation of the first people in a homuncular way;
control of the evolutionary development of earthly life by the forces of extraterrestrial superintelligence;
evolutionary development of earthly life and intelligence according to a program originally laid down by extraterrestrial superintelligence.

There are other, to varying degrees, fantastic hypotheses of anthropogenesis related to the theory of external intervention.

Theory of spatial anomalies

Followers of this theory interpret anthropogenesis as an element of the development of a stable spatial anomaly - the humanoid triad "Matter - Energy - Aura", characteristic of many planets of the Earthly Universe and its analogues in parallel spaces. TPA assumes that in humanoid universes on most habitable planets, the biosphere develops along the same path, programmed at the level of the Aura - information substance.
Given favorable conditions, this path leads to the emergence of a humanoid mind of the earth type.
In general, the interpretation of anthropogenesis in TPA does not have significant differences with evolutionary theory. However, TPA recognizes the existence of a certain program for the development of life and intelligence, which, along with random factors, controls evolution.
So, let's return to the first theory, according to which anthropogenesis - the process of separating man from the animal world - went through, according to most researchers, four main stages.

Main stages of human evolution

The most ancient people: Pithecanthropus or the most ancient man, or Proteranthropus or Archanthropus. (habitat expanded)
Ancient People: Neanderthal or paleoanthrope. (production of differentiated tools).
Modern people: Neoanthropus (development of speech, art and abstract thinking).

The earliest people

Australopithecus

Australopithecus or "southern apes" - highly organized, upright primates, are considered to be the original forms in the human ancestry. Australopithecines inherited many properties from their arboreal ancestors, the most important of which were the ability and desire to handle objects with their hands in a variety of ways (manipulation) and the high development of herd relations.
They were completely terrestrial creatures, relatively small in size - on average body length 120-130 cm, weight 30-40 kg. Their characteristic feature, as I noted above, was a bipedal gait and an upright body position, as evidenced by the structure of the pelvis, skeleton of the limbs and skull. Free upper limbs made it possible to use sticks, stones, etc.
The brain section of the skull was relatively large in size, and the facial part was shortened. The teeth were small, densely spaced, without diastemas, with a tooth pattern characteristic of humans. They lived on open plains such as savannas.
Judging by the discovery of Louis Leakey (Zinjanthropus Boyes), the age of Australopithecus is 1.75 million years.

Pithecanthropus

For the first time, fossil remains of ancient people, called archanthropes, were discovered by the Dutchman E. Dubois on the island of Java in 1890. But only in 1949, thanks to the discovery near Beijing of 40 individuals of ancient people along with their stone tools (called Sinanthropus), did scientists agree that it was the ancient people who were the intermediate “missing link” in the human ancestry.

NEANDERTHAL

We have the opportunity to judge the culture of paleoanthropus from numerous Mousterian sites. The Mousterian culture, in relation to the previous one, was more advanced both in processing technology and the use of tools, and in the variety of their shapes, the thoroughness of processing and production purposes.
Neanderthals were people of average height, strong, massive build, and in general skeletal structure they were closer to modern man. The volume of the braincase ranged from 1200 cm/cube to 1800 cm/cube, although the shape of their skull differed from the skull of a modern person. In my opinion, the biggest inconsistency in evolutionary theory is precisely the period of the Neanderthals.
How to explain such a sharp dissimilarity in the appearance of a Neanderthal and Homo sapiens? And what could have caused the sudden disappearance of paleoanthropes? How could it happen that ancient people, the creators of a fairly high material culture, to some extent close to us in the manifestation of their intellect and emotions, suddenly so quickly and “mysteriously” disappeared from the face of the Earth, giving way to neanthropic Cro-Magnons... etc .d.

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Theories of anthropogenesis:

1. Evolutionary theory.

Evolutionary theory suggests that humans evolved from higher primates - apes - through gradual modification under the influence of external factors and natural selection. The evolutionary theory of anthropogenesis has an extensive range of diverse evidence - paleontological, archaeological, biological, genetic, cultural, psychological and others.

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Theory of creation (creationism).

This theory states that man was created by God, the gods, or divine power out of nothing or from some non-biological material. The most famous biblical version is that the first people - Adam and Eve - were created from clay. This version has more ancient Egyptian roots and a number of analogues in the myths of other peoples. The myths about the transformation of animals into people and the birth of the first people by gods can also be considered a variety of the theory of creation.

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The theory of external intervention.

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There are other, to varying degrees, fantastic hypotheses of anthropogenesis related to the theory of external intervention.

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Theory of spatial anomalies

Followers of this theory interpret anthropogenesis as an element of the development of a stable spatial anomaly - the humanoid triad "Matter - Energy - Aura", characteristic of many planets of the Earthly Universe and its analogues in parallel spaces. TPA assumes that in humanoid universes on most habitable planets, the biosphere develops along the same path, programmed at the level of the Aura - information substance.

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So, let's return to the first theory, according to which anthropogenesis - the process of separating man from the animal world - went through, according to most researchers, four main stages.

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Main stages of human evolution

1. The most ancient people: Pithecanthropus or the most ancient man, or Proteranthropus or Archanthropus. (habitat expanded)

Ancient People: Neanderthal or paleoanthrope. (production of differentiated tools).

Modern people: Neoanthropus (development of speech, art and abstract thinking).

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The earliest people

AUSTRALOPITHECUS Australopithecines or “southern apes” are highly organized, upright primates, considered to be the original forms in the human ancestry. Australopithecines inherited many properties from their arboreal ancestors, the most important of which were the ability and desire to handle objects with their hands in a variety of ways (manipulation) and the high development of herd relations.

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Pithecanthropus For the first time, the fossil remains of ancient people, called Archanthropus, were discovered by the Dutchman E. Dubois on the island of Java in 1890. But only in 1949, thanks to the discovery near Beijing of 40 individuals of ancient people along with their stone tools (called Sinanthropus), did scientists agree that it was the ancient people who were the intermediate “missing link” in the human ancestry.

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Ancient people

NEANDERTHAL We have the opportunity to judge the culture of paleoanthropus from numerous Mousterian sites. The Mousterian culture, in relation to the previous one, was more advanced both in processing technology and the use of tools, and in the variety of their shapes, the thoroughness of processing and production purposes.

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Neanderthals were people of average height, strong, massive build, and in general skeletal structure they were closer to modern man. The volume of the braincase ranged from 1200 cm3 to 1800 cm3, although the shape of their skull differed from the skull of a modern person. In my opinion, the biggest inconsistency in evolutionary theory is precisely the period of the Neanderthals.

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Modern people

NEOANTHROPUS The time of appearance of modern humans occurs at the beginning of the Late Paleolithic (70-35 thousand years ago). It is associated with a powerful leap in the development of productive forces, the formation of a tribal society and a consequence of the process of completing the biological evolution of Homo sapiens.

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For anthropogenesis, only biological laws (mutation process, population waves, genetic drift, isolation and natural selection) are not enough. The origin of man is a unique phenomenon in which a transition from biological to social processes took place. Social factors of anthropogenesis (work activity, social lifestyle, speech and thinking) have acquired important importance in human evolution.

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In the first stages of evolution, selection for better adaptability to changing environmental conditions was of decisive importance. However, the further development of work activity, requiring the unification of the efforts of people in the process of work, hunting, etc., raised the problem of transferring individual experience within the team.

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Advantages over others were given to tribes that supported not only physically strong individuals, but also retained children useful for their mental abilities - the future generation, old people - keepers of information about ways to survive (masters of tools, and hunters).

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If the structural and physiological features of a person are inherited on the basis of genetic information, then social information is transmitted through words during training and determines the spiritual appearance of the individual. Each adult generation passes on experience, knowledge, and spiritual values to subsequent ones in the process of upbringing and education.

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The earliest and most ancient people were characterized by significant shifts in the morphology of the individual and, at the same time, a relatively slow improvement in tools. A different pattern appears in the development of neoanthropes - intensive enrichment of the spiritual world, growth of intelligence, gigantic speed of development of production and practically no perceptible trends in changes in the structure of the human body (the physical appearance of man has remained almost unchanged over the past 40 thousand years).

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For modern people, social and labor relations have become leading and determining. Homo sapiens, as a result of social development, has acquired decisive advantages among all living beings.

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LITERATURE:

Bernal D. The emergence of life. M. 1969. Yarygin V.N. BIOLOGY. M., 1997. Golenkin M. I. Winners in the struggle for existence, M., 1959. Livanov N. A. Paths of evolution of the animal world. M. 1955.