The word "theater" is known to everyone, even the smallest children. Who among us does not like to go to puppet show, where faceless toys suddenly came to life in the skillful hands of the puppeteer and turned into magical living creatures .... Having matured, we, choosing between theater and cinema, often prefer the latter. But only in the theater can one feel the living force emanating from the actors, only the theater can capture the viewer with its magnificence.

How did he appear?
The first theater appeared in Athens, in 497 BC. Its appearance was associated with competitions of singers, poets and actors in honor of the feast of the god Dionysus. There were no special amenities for the spectators, but this did not bother them, and they sat on the hill to watch the competitions. A wooden stage was made for the actors, which, however, was later replaced by a more comfortable arena.

Competitors showed their performances on a stage surrounded by a low wall, thanks to which it was possible to hide unnecessary props and decorations. A tent was also provided for the speakers, where they could change their clothes. Since the holiday was dedicated to Dionysus, it is not surprising that an altar to the god stood in the center of the site, and all the action unfolded around him.

A little later, the ancient Greek theater changed. Spectators, finally, were able to take "real" seats - seats were built for them from marble (for guests of honor) and from stone (for spectators simpler). Among the seats were resonating vessels that provided sound amplification.

In Rome, the first stone theater appeared only in 55 BC. Prior to this, actors and spectators were content with only temporary wooden buildings.

The performances of past years bore little resemblance to what we understand as a performance today. Only one actor could be on the stage, changing masks and playing several roles at once. The need for masks was due to the large size of the theaters, which could accommodate ten or even seventeen thousand people. It was almost impossible to see the actor's facial features from a distance, and masks easily solved this problem. The actors of Ancient Greece were respected people, only a free man could become an actor, unlike the Roman "colleagues". Roman actors were from among slaves or freedmen.

In ancient Greek theaters, myths were put at the basis of performances, interpreted in their own way by actors and playwrights. The Roman theater almost completely adopted the plots from Greek drama, processing them for the Roman audience.

The heyday of ancient Greek drama falls on the fifth century BC. These were the times of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. The Greek Livy Andronicus made a great contribution to the development of the Roman theater, teaching Greek and Latin to the sons of the Roman nobility. Also known is Gnaeus Nevius, who achieved fame thanks to his comedies. Representatives of the next generations of Roman playwrights were Titus Maccius Plautus, Publius Terentius, and then Horace and Seneca.

The first theater appeared in Athens, in 497 BC. In Rome, the first stone theater appeared only in 55 BC. . Prior to this, actors and spectators were content with only temporary wooden buildings.
The performances of past years bore little resemblance to what we understand as a performance today. Only one actor could be on the stage, changing masks and playing several roles at once. The need for masks was due to the large size of the theaters, which could accommodate ten or even seventeen thousand people. It was almost impossible to see the actor's facial features from a distance, and masks easily solved this problem.

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Educator - Dementieva S.A. MDOU d / s "Fairy Tale" preparatory group

William Shakespeare is an outstanding English poet and playwright. Years of life: 1564 - 1616. The great playwright William Shakespeare said: "The whole world is a theater, and people in it are actors"

The first theater appeared in Athens, in 497 BC

In Rome, the first stone theater appeared only in 55 BC. . Prior to this, actors and spectators were content with only temporary wooden buildings. The performances of past years bore little resemblance to what we understand as a performance today. Only one actor could be on the stage, changing masks and playing several roles at once. The need for masks was due to the large size of the theaters, which could accommodate ten or even seventeen thousand people. It was almost impossible to see the actor's facial features from a distance, and masks easily solved this problem.

Theater is a union of all arts, it includes music, architecture, painting, cinematography, photography, etc.

There was no theater in Russia until the 17th century. Over the centuries, this cultural niche has been filled with rituals and folk festivals, which included elements of theatrical action, and buffoons, musicians, dancers, puppeteers, guide bears.

Theater types

On October 17, 1672, the first performance took place. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was so delighted that he did not get up for 10 hours in a row while the performance was going on. The boyars stood: in the presence of the sovereign they were not allowed to sit down. On the eve of the monarch received the blessing of his confessor Archpriest Andrei Savinov, who assured that even the Byzantine emperors staged theatrical performances. Alexei had to be convinced for a long time that he would allow the use of music, without which it is impossible to arrange a choir. The king reluctantly agreed. The court theater had no permanent premises. The authorities did not skimp on the cost of costumes for actors and scenery for theatrical productions, but saved on paying Russian actors.

Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich

Portrait of the founder of the first court theater Artamon Sergeevich Matveev. 1801.

The history of the Russian theater is divided into several main stages. The initial, playful stage originates in a tribal society and ends by the 17th century, when, along with a new period in Russian history, a new, more mature stage in the development of the theater begins, culminating in the establishment of a permanent state professional theater in 1756.

The terms “theatre”, “drama” entered the Russian dictionary only in the 18th century. At the end of the 17th century, the term "comedy" was used, and throughout the century - "fun" (Amusing closet, Amusement chamber). In the popular masses, the term “theater” was preceded by the term “disgrace”, the term “drama” - “game”, “game”. In the Russian Middle Ages, definitions synonymous with them were common - “demonic”, or “satanic”, buffoon games. All sorts of curiosities brought by foreigners in the 16th - XVII centuries, and fireworks. The military occupations of the young Tsar Peter I were also called fun. In this sense, both the wedding and dressing up were called “play”, “game”. “Play” has a completely different meaning in relation to musical instruments: playing tambourines, sniffles, etc. The terms “game” and “play” in relation to oral drama were preserved among the people until the 19th-20th centuries.

Folk art

Russian theater originated in ancient times. Its origins go to folk art- rituals, holidays associated with labor activity. Over time, the rites lost their magical meaning and turned into performance games. Elements of the theater were born in them - dramatic action, disguise, dialogue. In the future, the simplest games turned into folk dramas; they were created in the process of collective creativity and kept in people's memory, passing from generation to generation.

In the process of their development, the games were differentiated, disintegrated into related and at the same time more and more distant varieties - into dramas, rituals, games. They were brought together only by the fact that they all reflected reality and used similar methods of expressiveness - dialogue, song, dance, music, disguise, disguise, acting.

Games instilled a taste for dramatic creativity.

Games were originally a direct reflection of the tribal community organization: they had a round dance, choric character. In round dance games, choral and dramatic creativity was organically merged. Songs and dialogues, abundantly included in the games, helped to characterize the playful images. Mass commemorations also had a playful character; they were timed to coincide with the spring and were called “mermaids”. In the XV century, the content of the concept of "Rusalia" was defined as follows: demons in human form. And the Moscow “Azbukovnik” of 1694 already defines mermaids as “buffoon games”.

The theatrical art of the peoples of our Motherland originates in rituals and games, ritual actions. Under feudalism, theatrical art was cultivated, on the one hand, by the "popular masses", and on the other, by the feudal nobility, and buffoons were differentiated accordingly.

In 957 Grand Duchess Olga got acquainted with the theater in Constantinople. Hippodrome performances are depicted on the frescoes of the Kiev Sophia Cathedral of the last third of the 11th century. In 1068, buffoons were first mentioned in the annals.

Three types of theaters were known to Kievan Rus: court, church, folk.

buffoonery

The oldest "theater" was the games of folk actors - buffoons. Shyness is a complex phenomenon. Buffoons were considered a kind of magicians, but this is erroneous, because buffoons, participating in rituals, not only did not enhance their religious and magical character, but, on the contrary, introduced worldly, secular content.

Buffoon, i.e. sing, dance, joke, act out skits, play on musical instruments and to act, that is, to portray some kind of person or creature, anyone could. But only the one whose art stood out above the level of the art of the masses by its artistry became and was called a buffoon-craftsman.

In parallel with the folk theater, professional theatrical art developed, the bearers of which in Ancient Russia were buffoons. The appearance of a puppet theater in Russia is connected with buffoon games. The first chronicle information about buffoons coincides in time with the appearance on the walls of the Kiev Sophia Cathedral of frescoes depicting buffoon performances. The chronicler monk calls buffoons servants of the devils, and the artist who painted the walls of the cathedral found it possible to include their image in church decorations along with icons. Buffoons were associated with the masses, and one of the types of their art was "gum", that is, satire. Skomorokhovs are called "fools", that is, scoffers. Glum, mockery, satire will continue to be firmly associated with buffoons.

The secular art of buffoons was hostile to the church and clerical ideology. The hatred that the churchmen had for the art of buffoons is evidenced by the records of the chroniclers (“The Tale of Bygone Years”). Church teachings of the 11th-12th centuries declare that disguise, which buffoons resort to, is also a sin. Buffoons were subjected to especially strong persecution during the years of the Tatar yoke, when the church began to intensively preach an ascetic way of life. No persecution has eradicated the buffoon art among the people. On the contrary, it successfully developed, and its satirical sting became more and more acute.

Art-related crafts were known in Ancient Russia: icon painters, jewelers, wood and bone carvers, and book scribes. Buffoons belonged to their number, being "cunning", "masters" of singing, music, dance, poetry, drama. But they were regarded only as amusing, funny people. Their art was ideologically connected with the masses of the people, with the artisan people, usually opposed to the ruling masses. This made their skill not only useless, but, from the point of view of the feudal lords and clergy, ideologically harmful and dangerous. Representatives of the Christian church placed buffoons next to the wise men and fortune tellers. In rituals and games there is still no division into performers and spectators; they lack developed plots, reincarnation into an image. They appear in a folk drama permeated with sharp social motifs. The appearance of the square theaters of the oral tradition is connected with the folk drama. The actors of these folk theaters (buffoons) ridiculed those in power, the clergy, the rich, sympathetically showed ordinary people. Performances of the folk theater were built on improvisation, included pantomime, music, singing, dancing, church numbers; performers used masks, make-up, costumes, props.

The nature of the performance of the buffoons initially did not require them to be combined into large groups. For the performance of fairy tales, epics, songs, playing the instrument, only one performer was enough. Buffoons leave their homes and roam the Russian land in search of work, move from villages to cities, where they serve not only the rural, but also the townspeople, and sometimes princely courts.

Buffoons were also attracted to folk court performances, which multiplied under the influence of acquaintance with Byzantium and its court life. When the Amusing Closet (1571) and the Amusement Chamber (1613) were arranged at the Moscow Court, buffoons found themselves in the position of court jesters there.

The performances of buffoons united different types of arts: both dramatic art proper, and church and “variety” ones.

The Christian Church opposed folk games and the art of buffoons with ritual art, saturated with religious and mystical elements.

Performances of buffoons did not develop into a professional theater. There were no conditions for the birth of theater troupes - after all, the authorities persecuted buffoons. The church also persecuted buffoons, turning to secular authorities for assistance. Against the buffoons were sent a charter of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery of the XV century, the Statutory charter of the beginning of the XVI century. The Church persistently put buffoons on a par with the bearers of the pagan worldview (magicians, sorcerers). And yet, buffoon performances continued to live, the folk theater developed.

At the same time, the church took all measures to assert its influence. This found expression in the development of the liturgical drama. Some liturgical dramas came to us along with Christianity, others in the 15th century, along with the newly adopted solemn charter of the “great church” (“Procession on the Ground”, “Washing of the Feet”).

Despite the use of theatrical and spectacular forms, the Russian church did not create its own theater.

In the 17th century, Simeon of Polotsk (1629-1680) tried to create an artistic literary drama on the basis of liturgical drama, this attempt turned out to be isolated and fruitless.

Theaters of the 17th century

In the 17th century, the first oral dramas developed, simple in plot, reflecting popular moods. The puppet comedy about Petrushka (his first name was Vanka-Ratatouille) told about the adventures of a clever merry fellow who was not afraid of anything in the world. The theater really appeared in the 17th century - the court and school theater.

court theater

The emergence of the court theater was caused by the interest of the court nobility in Western culture. This theater appeared in Moscow under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The first performance of the play "The Action of Artaxerxes" (the story of the biblical Esther) took place on October 17, 1672. Initially, the court theater did not have its own premises, scenery and costumes were transferred from place to place. The first performances were staged by pastor Gregory from the German settlement, the actors were also foreigners. Later, they began to forcefully recruit and train Russian “youths”. Their salaries were paid irregularly, but they did not skimp on scenery and costumes. The performances were distinguished by great splendor, sometimes accompanied by playing musical instruments and dancing. After the death of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the court theater was closed, and performances resumed only under Peter I.

school theater

In addition to the court theater, in Russia in the 17th century there was also a school theater at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, in theological seminaries and schools in Lvov, Tiflis, and Kiev. The plays were written by teachers, and students staged historical tragedies, allegorical dramas close to European miracles, interludes - satirical everyday scenes in which protest against the social system sounded. Interludes of the school theater laid the foundation for the comedy genre in the national dramaturgy. At the origins of the school theater was a famous political figure, playwright Simeon Polotsky.

The appearance of the court school theater expanded the scope of the spiritual life of Russian society.

Theatre early XVIII century

At the behest of Peter I, in 1702, the Public Theater was created, designed for the mass public. Especially for him, not on Red Square in Moscow, a building was built - “Comedy Temple”. The German troupe of I. Kh. Kunst gave performances there. The repertoire included foreign plays that were not successful with the public, and the theater ceased to exist in 1706, as the subsidies of Peter I ceased.

Conclusion

A new page in the history of the performing arts of the peoples of our Motherland was opened by serf and amateur theaters. In the serf troupes that existed from late XVIII century, vaudeville, comic operas, ballets were staged. On the basis of serf theaters, private enterprises arose in a number of cities. The Russian theatrical art had a beneficial effect on the formation of the professional theater of the peoples of our Motherland. The troupes of the first professional theaters included talented amateurs - representatives of the democratic intelligentsia.

Theater in Russia in the 18th century gained immense popularity, became the property of the broad masses, another public sphere of people's spiritual activity.

countries and peoples. Questions and answers Yu. V. Kukanova

Where did the first theater appear?

Where did the first theater appear?

The first theater appeared in Ancient Greece. It was a rather large open-air structure, where the audience seats were located in a semicircle above the stage.

In those days, only two genres of plays were staged in the theater - tragedies and comedies, which were written in historical or mythological subjects. Women were not always allowed to attend such performances, and they usually sat separately.

There were no scenery on the stage of the theater, and all the roles were played by men performing in huge masks and on cothurns - high boots that gave majesty to the figures of the actors.

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Modern cultural society in its present form owes much to the theatrical art, which arose long before the advent of etiquette and familiar moral norms. Let's dive into the ancient times of history. During this, you will be able to Interesting Facts about theatrical art, when the first theater was created and everything connected with the first acting performances.

The creation of the first theater in the world is impossible to know for sure, because it was back in the 5th century BC in ancient greece when the theater of Dionysus appeared. It was made from wood. Twice a year there were solemn performances of actors on the stage, during which the most talented authors of those times fought for the right to be called the best in different genres. The person who sold the tickets and supervised the performances was called the archon. VIPs were seated behind chic marble chairs (installed over time), from which there was an excellent view. The theater of Dionysus still exists today. Its last reconstruction should be completed in 2015.

The very first stone theater arose in 52 BC in Rome. The stage was a raised platform with a screen in the background. There were seats in front of the stage (in the stalls). Over time, Roman theatrical art ceased its development due to the influence of Christianity on culture.

Who invented theater in Russia?

The first domestic theater is an academic drama theatre named after F.G. Volkov, founded in Yaroslavl. The year of its creation is 1750. On one of the warm summer days young temperamental Fyodor Volkov, together with his comrades, spoke to the public. The performance consisted of works by Lomonosov, Sumarokov, Rostovsky and the young genius Volkov's own plays. By the way, F. Volkov was part-time decorator, translator, performance director and architect. The actors even visited Empress Elizabeth (according to a decree specially issued by her) during a tour in St. Petersburg. It is noteworthy that at that time there were other acting troupes. But the performances were closed and were not available to the general public.

What was the first modern theater?

In 1618, the Italian city of Parma gave the world the first modern theater - Farnesi. The stage was constructed rather unusually - along one of the walls. The actors and the audience were separated by a wide curtain, which also helped to change the scenery unnoticed by the guests of the performance.

Did you know? The longest theatrical performance (about 10 hours) took place in 1672 in the Moscow region.