The history of the creation of the novel doctor living summary of the lesson. Development of a literature lesson "Civil War in the fate of Yu. Zhivago (based on the novel by B. Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago")". Explanation of new material

Lesson 88 - 89

Lesson topic: "The dispute cannot be resolved with iron ..."- novel by B.L. Pasternak

"Doctor Zhivago" as a spiritual testament of the author

Lesson type: formation of new knowledge

Conduct form:lesson - research

Lesson goals.

educational: emphasize that it was important for the author to tell about " himself

Dear and important, earth and sky, a great hot feeling,

Reveal artistic

The originality of Pasternak's novel, when spiritual, social,

Natural connections, disunited in the novel, are built in

A single whole in "Poems by Yuri Zhivago", underline

Christian motifs as fundamental to the novel

Developing: to form the ability to generalize, compare, contrast,

draw conclusions; develop analytical thinking

Creativity, monologue speech.

Educational:education of love for the work of poets, whose civic position,

Firmness and courage contributed to the moral

Improvement of society, development of spirituality.

Lesson equipment:exhibition of books, texts of works, multimedia

Projector, video about the Garden of Gethsemane and

B. Pasternak's poems on video.mail.ru

Leading tasks: student messages:

"I'm writing a big novel in prose right now..."- History of creation

Novel "Doctor Zhivago"

Methodological goal:personality-oriented situation in the lesson

During the classes: introduction to the objectives of the lesson and the epigraph:

Everything is unraveled, everything is named, simple, transparent, sad.

Once again, refreshed, redefined

To the dearest and most important, earth and sky, great

Hot feeling, the spirit of creativity, life and death ... "

B. Pasternak. From a letter to N. Tabidze. 1955

Peter rebuffed the thugs with a sword
And cut off the ear of one of them.

B. Pasternak. "Gethsemane Garden"

Lesson plan.

“It took a lifetime ...” - about the essence and

The meaning of the novel "Doctor Zhivago"

History

Creating a novel"Doctor Zhivago"

3. Student's message:“Everything is named, simply, transparently…” About the meaning of the name

Roman B.L. Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago"

4. Continuation of teacher's lecture:"I decided that I would write as letters are written..."

About the Doctor Zhivago genre

5. general characteristics novel by B.L. Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago":

About the plot, plot and composition

8. Conclusion: " The force of meanness and malice will be overcome by the spirit of good.

Problem questions:

• What artistic originality Pasternak's novel
• Why is B.L. Pasternak’s novel “Doctor Zhivago” called a spiritual testament, “the spiritual autobiography of the author” (D.S. Likhachev)?

• What place do Christian motifs occupy in the novel?

1. introduction teachers:“It took a lifetime ...” - Pasternak on the creative concept of the novel “Doctor Zhivago”

« For a people deprived of public freedom, literature is the only tribune from which he makes the cry of his indignation and his conscience heard,- A. I. Herzen noted. Pasternak’s book “Doctor Zhivago” became such a book of “indignant conscience”, a book - a confession, a manifesto, a spiritual testament to the people

In a letter to the famous musicologist P. P. Suvchinsky (1958), Pasternak, describing the creative concept of the novel Doctor Zhivago, wrote the following:" It took a whole life, spent on what was called modernism, on fragmentarism, on forms: political, aesthetic, worldview forms, on directions, left and right, on disputes of directions ...

... And pitiful are those who remain faithful to the useless inertness of old, determined principles, the rivalry of ideas and the dictates of the past, novelty wasted on trifles, and do not humble themselves before the innocence and infantile uncorruptedness of fresh, barely born, age-old content. It was necessary to stop taking into account the habitual, the established, and in its meaning so completely false,it was necessary to give the soul, with its conscience, faculties of knowledge, passion, love and dislike, the right to a complete, long overdue revolution, which would transfer it from its uncomfortable, forced crookedness to a free, natural position more characteristic of it. This is, strictly speaking, the whole essence and significance of Doctor Zhivago.

That's it - straighten up the soul, get rid of the "crookedness", i.e. fear is a task that only a man of great civic courage, a true Master, can do. Such was Pasternak. This is how his book became - about "spirit of creativity, life and death..."

• How was it created? Why is the author so dear?
• Who are her heroes? How do they think about life and death?

How did they love?

• Whose commandments did they follow?
• What was considered moral and what was immoral?
• Can the book be considered an extended metaphor for the Gospel?

• What is the thought of Jesus in front of the disciples

In the Garden of Gethsemane, especially dear to the author?

Answering these and other questions is the purpose of our lesson.

2. Student's message: "I'm writing a big prose novel right now..."- the history of the creation of the novel"Doctor Zhivago"

“The physical dream of a book”, which “is a cubic piece of a hot, smoking conscience - and nothing else,” owned Pasternak from the first steps in literature."Poems mean much less to me than you seem to think, -Pasternak wrote in May 1956 to one of his correspondents, objecting to the interpretation of him as a poet par excellence. “They must balance and go side by side with great prose…”

In the 1930s and 1940s, this dream intensifies. And from 1945 to 1955 (the author worked on the novel for 10 years) - in agony, not being written - the novel is born " Doctor Zhivago" , largely an autobiographical account of the fate of the Russianintelligentsia in the first half of the twentieth century. A work in which, according to the author“everything is unraveled, everything is named, simple, transparent, sad, once again refreshed, definitions are given in a new way ...”

After the next attacks - the publication of a rough poetic feuilleton

Ya. Sashin's "The neglected garden" in Literaturnaya Gazeta (March 15, 1947), ridiculing Pasternak's poems, the poet, habitually not paying any attention, writes to one of his correspondents:

"… I am currently writing a long novel in prose about a man who constitutes a kind of resultant between Blok and me (and Mayakovsky and Yesenin, perhaps). He will die in 1929. From him will remain a book of poems, which is one of the chapters of the second part. The time embraced by the novel, 1903-1945 Byin spirit it is a cross between the Karamazovs and Wilhelm Meister.

(the book of poems of the protagonist will finish the second book), its main character will be a poet, a doctor by profession, the events of the book will tell about the most tragic period of Russian history from 1903 to 1945.

• Why does Pasternak consider his novel to be the main business of his life?

Output: Pasternak wanted to leave a work in which the spirit of the era would be conveyed, reflections on "most precious and important

3. Student's message:“Everything is named, simple, transparent…” About the meaning

Names of the novel by B.L. Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago"

If we consider the options for the title of Pasternak's novel:"Boys and Girls", taken from A. Blok's poem "Palm Saturday", "Experience of Russian Faust", "There will be no death","From unpublished papers of the Zhivago family", "Norms of Russian nobility", "Winter air", "The living, the dead and resurrecting", "The candle burned",then just a simple enumeration of them already indicates the problems, the main topics that worried the author.

In 1948, finally, the final name appeared - "Doctor Zhivago".

According to the writer V. Shalamov, B. Pasternak explained the choice of a surname for his hero in the following way:“My hero's last name? This is not an easy story. Even as a child, I was amazed, excited by the lines from the church prayer Orthodox Church"You are truly the Christ, the son of the living God." I repeated this line and childishly put a comma after the word "God." It turned out the mysterious name of Christ "Zhivago". But I did not think about the living God, but about his new name, “Zhivago”, accessible only to me. It took my whole life to make this childish feeling a reality - to name the hero of my novel after the hero.(Conversation about the most important // Correspondence of B.L. Pasternak and V.T. Shalamov // Youth. 1988. No. 10).

The surname "Zhivago" is etymologically connected with the word " alive ". Zhivago is a form of the genitive and accusative cases of the word " alive" in Old Russian. Zhivago is the keeper of life, its saver, because the profession of the protagonist - the doctor - is also connected with the preservation of life.

• How working on choosing the title of a novel helps determine

discover its meaning? (see the beginning of paragraph 3)

4. Continuation of the teacher's lecture: "I decided that I would write like letters are written ..." - about the Doctor Zhivago genre

In a letter to V.P. Polonsky (1921), assessing the internal motives of the story "Childhood Luvers" Pasternak writes:"... I decided that I would write as letters are written, not in a modern way, revealing to the reader everything that I think and think to tell him, refraining from technical effects fabricated outside of him

field of view and served to him ready-made ... "

In 1935, when meeting with the critic A. K. Tarasenkov, he remarked:«… I want to achieve the conciseness of Pushkin. Wantpour the thing with lead facts. Facts, facts...Take Dostoevsky - he has no special landscape pieces anywhere - and the landscape of St. Petersburg is present in all his works, even though they are overflowing with mere facts. With the loss of Chekhov, we have lost the art of prose. It is very difficult for me to write a real prose work, because in addition to a personal poetic tradition, the pressure of a very strong poetic tradition of the 20th century is mixed in with all our literature. My thing will be an attempt to finish all my unfinished prose works. This is a sequel to Childhood Luvers. It will be a house, rooms, streets - and threads stretching from them everywhere. We need the facts of life, valuable in themselves ... "

Let's compare the characteristics of Yuri Zhivago's stylistic searches in the novel: "All his life he dreamed of originality, smoothed and muffled, outwardly unrecognizable and hidden under the cover of a commonly used and familiar form, all his life he strove to develop that restrained, unpretentious style, in which the reader and listener master the content, without themselves noticing how they learn..."

It seems that these aesthetic messages are fully defined in the novel "Doctor Zhivago", the genre of which is Academician D.S. Likhachev, for example, defines

"big lyrical work”, “Pasternak’s spiritual autobiography”, in which lyrical and epic principles are combined.(D.S. Likhachev. Reflections on the novel by B.L. Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago" // Novy Mir. 1988. No. 1).

• What are the features of the genre of the novel in the work of Pasternak?

Output: The genre of the novel in the work of Pasternak acquires new features -

the novel is a confession, a manifesto, a spiritual testament to the people. It can also be defined as a novel - a connecting thread of "torn times", a novel - "crossing of fate", a novel - life.

5. General characteristics of the novel by B.L. Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago": about the plot,

Plot and composition

(IN USE assignments– 2010 there are many tasks related to theory

Literature, it makes sense, refresh some concepts.)

5.1 Plot - (from lat. fabula - story, narration) - a chain, a series of events in an epic or dramatic work, which is the basis of the plot.

The novel is a broad canvas of the life of the Russian intelligentsia on

against the backdrop of the most dramatic period of Russian history and chronologically covers almost half a century: from 1903 to 1929, and with an epilogue - until the beginning of the 50s

Destiny is at the center of the novel lyrical hero Yuri Andreevich Zhivago, a doctor by education, philosopher, poet, whom we have been following for a quarter of a century:

in 1903 we see him as a 10-year-old "snub-nosed" boy, and we part with him already in 1929 - at less than forty years old - exhausted, dying, not accepting the new realities of the country.

For "twelve years of school, secondary and higher" Zhivago receivededucation characteristic of his circle, based on the ideas of Christianity, individual freedom and"noble feeling of equality with all living things."The tragedy of the Zhivago generation is that they witnessed " terrible years Russia", when all the concepts learned in childhood were subjected to a strict revision. Yuri Zhivago does not withstand a collision with the destructive elements of the revolution, he dies, leaving behind a notebook with 25 poems in which everything that happens is assessed in a poetic form, the broken integrity of the world is updated

The work is densely populated. Close-up portraits of the historian and philosopher Vedenyapin, the chemist Gromeko, the industrialist and philanthropist Kologrivov, the unscrupulous lawyer Komarovsky and many others are given.

The novel is permeated with high poetics and touches upon the innermost questions of human life - the secrets of life and death, questions of history, Christianity,"earth and sky, a great hot feeling, the spirit of creativity ..."

“This is a novel about how “a separate human life became God's story, filled the space of the universe with its content”.

• The fate of which hero forms the basis of the plot of the novel? (See above)

1. Plot (from French sujet - subject) - an event or set of events in epic and dramatic works, "an image of an event or a chain of events", in which such structural elements are distinguished,as a plot, development of action, climax and denouement

• What storylines do you remember? Which of them seemed important?
• What is the originality of the plot of the novel "Doctor Zhivago"?

Output: Already at the beginning of the novel, a dense plot knot appears in front of the reader, in which the destinies of most of the main characters of the novel are invisibly intertwined: Yuri Zhivago, his uncle Nikolai Nikolayevich Vedenyapin, to whom
the role of the main interpreter of historical events; Lara, beloved
Yuri Zhivago and Pavel Antipov's wife - Strelnikov, Nika Dudorova, whose path is traced by a dotted line until the end of the novel.
On a train moving across the plain near the estate where Nika Dudorov lives, Yury Zhivago's father commits suicide, which is witnessed by another character, Misha Gordon, as well as the future revolutionary Tiverzin, with whom Yury's fate will also be connected. On the same train rides the “dense, arrogant, clean-shaven and dapper lawyer” Komarovsky, who played an evil role in the fate of Lara and Yura, who became almost a direct culprit of suicide
Father Yuri.

It seems that the storylines are artificially intertwined by the author, there are too many coincidences. But upon closer examination, you understand that the author needs all these coincidences in order to build cause-and-effect phenomena in their continuous chain..

If you follow the traditional plot structure, then the following elements are possible:

plot : part 3, ch.10 - still very young on Christmas Eve
Pavel Antipov and Lara talk about their fate in a dimly lit room with a lit candle in Kamergersky Lane. This candle is noticed from the street by Yuri Zhivago, who is still completely unfamiliar with them, and from this seen flame of a candle (“The candle was burning on the table, the candle was burning”), the fatal attraction of the characters to each other begins, creativity, poetry begins.

action development:part 4 - 16 - the image of the "terrible years of Russia"

through the prism human souls, experiences of a creative person who got to the crossroads of evil and violence, and was able to preserve freedom and a living spirit.

climax: part 15 chapter 12 - the scene of Zhivago's death.

In the tram car, the doctor has a heart attack.“Yuri Andreevich was not lucky. He got into a faulty car, on which misfortunes rained down all the time ... "Before us is the embodiment of a suffocated life, suffocated because it fell into that period of historical trials and catastrophes that has entered the life of Russia since 1917. This climax is prepared by the entire development of the novel, when both the hero and the author perceive events more and more sharply as violence against life.

interchange: 17 hours of the novel - poems by Yuri Zhivago asspiritual testament to his descendants, departure to immortality.
5.3 Composition - (from Latin compositio - compilation, connection, addition) - the construction of a work of art: the location and interconnection of its parts, images, episodes in accordance with the content, genre form and intent of the author. In the most general form, they distinguish linear (for example, the novel by I.A. Goncharov "An Ordinary Story"), inversion (for example, the story of I.A. Bunin " Easy breath"), circular (for example, V. Nabokov's story "Circle"), etc. K.

The novel consists of two parts: prose and poetry. Sixteen parts of the novel tell about people, events of a great history, tragic destinies Yuri Zhivago, Tony, Lara Guichard - Antipova, Pavel Antipov - Strelnikov and other heroes about Russia in the pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary years. In the last, seventeenth part, all this extensive material seems to be repeated anew, but this time already in poetry.

Ring composition of the novel

The composition of the cycle of poems resembles the composition of a novel, which is built on the principle of counterpoint.

Counterpoint is an association of relatively independent storylines, which converge and diverge from each other and develop at different speeds.
The principle of counterpoint enables the artist of the word to reflect a picture of the disharmony of the world. But Pasternak found a form of not only novelistic, but also poetic counterpoint in the cycle “Poems by Yuri Zhivago”. It would seem that the gospel theme, the line of love, changes in nature develop separately, but in poetry the counterpoint reflects not only the general decay, but also renews the broken integrity of the world. Spiritual, social, natural ties that could not be united in the novel are built up in Yury Zhivago's Poems. The idea of ​​harmony versus broken bonds is very important to the author.

Compare with the text in the novel:“From his high school years, he dreamed of prose, of a book of biographies, where he could insert the most stunning of what he managed to see and change his mind in the form of hidden explosive nests ...”

• What is counterpoint?
• What are the parts of a novel?
• What are the features of the composition of the novel and how does it help to reveal

The main problems of the novel? (see above)

6 . "The dispute cannot be resolved with iron ..."- novel by B.L. Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago"

And now we turn to main topic of our lesson, to the poetics of the novel and see how, from what “bricks” Pasternak builds his novel, how he expresses thoughts dear to himself

• Reread passages from ch. 11, ch. 4

“The partisan chain, in which the doctor, caught in the fire, lay down next to the telegraph operator of the detachment, occupied the edge of the forest. Behind the back of the partisans was the taiga, in front - an open meadow, a bare unprotected space, along which the whites walked, advancing.

... They were approaching and were already close. The doctor saw them well, each in the face.These were boys and youths from non-military backgrounds.metropolitan society and older people mobilized fromstock. But the tone was set by the first, youth, studentsfreshmen and eighth-graders, recentlyenrolled as volunteers.

The doctor did not know any of them, but the faces of half of them seemed to him familiar, seen, familiar. Some reminded him of former school comrades.Could it be that they were their younger brothers?

... All his sympathy was on the side of the heroically dying children.

... But the telephone operator was dead. To make sure of this completely, Yuri Andreevich unbuttoned his shirt on his chest and began to listen to his heart. It didn't work.

Around the neck of the dead man hung an amulet on a cord. Yuri Andreevich removed it. In it was a piece of paper sewn into a rag, decayed and worn off along the edges of the folds. The doctor opened her half-disintegrated and crumbling lobes.

The paper contained extracts from the ninetieth psalm with the changes and deviations that the people make to prayers, gradually moving away from the original from repetition to repetition. Fragments of the Church Slavonic text were rewritten in Russian in a letter.

The psalm says: Living in the help of the Most High. In the letter, this became the title of the conspiracy: "Living Aid." The verse of the psalm: "Do not be afraid ... from the arrow flying in the days (daytime)" turned into words of encouragement: "Do not be afraid of the arrow of the flying war." "For you know my name," says the psalm. And the letter: "My name is late." "I am with him in sorrow, I will crush him ..." became in the letter "Soon in his winter."

The text of the psalm was considered miraculous, protecting from bullets.

... From the telephone operator, Yuri Andreevich went to the clearing to the body of the young White Guard he had killed. On the handsome face of the young man were written the features of innocence and forgiveness of all suffering."Why did I kill him?"thought the doctor.

He unbuttoned the dead man's overcoat and flung it wide open. On the lining, in calligraphic copy, diligently and with a loving hand, probably a mother's, was embroidered: Seryozha Rantsevich, the name and surname of the murdered.

Through the armhole Serezha's shirts fell out and hung

on the chain there is a cross, a medallion and some other flat gold case or tavlinka with a lid damaged, as if by a nail. The case was half open. A folded piece of paper fell out of it. The doctor unrolled it and couldn't believe his eyes.It was the same ninetieth psalm, but in printed form and in all its Slavic authenticity.

… By this time, the brutality of the belligerents had reached its limit. captives

did not bring alive to their destination, enemy wounded

pinned on the field.

• Whose side was the doctor's sympathy?
• What does the author emphasize in the description of whites?
• What is the symbolism of the doctor's find - an extract from the ninetieth psalm -

letters found both in a soldier - a Red Army soldier, and in a representative of the White Army?

• What is the author's attitude to the fratricidal war? What conclusion does Pasternak lead the reader to, what thought is especially dear to him? In what way do Pasternak's thoughts coincide with Voloshin's position? Tsvetaeva, Bulgakov?

Output: "Where is yours, where is someone else's?"- M. Tsvetaeva asked in her poem.

Bulgakov in the novel white guard"I tried to take an objective position - to stand "above the fight." Maximilian Voloshin in the poem " Civil War"claimed:

In both, the war breathed

Anger, greed, the gloomy hops of revelry ...Sholokhov in the novel Quiet Don" called: "Do not condemn the brothers of the brother ...". Continuing the traditions of Russian classics, Pasternak talks about the value of every human life, about the fact that whites and reds have common moral, Christian traditions. A fratricidal war, when “the bestiality of the belligerents reached the limit by this time” (part 11, ch. 4), “the human laws of civilization ended ...” (part 13, ch. 2), “commissars with unlimited powers began to be appointed to all places , people of iron will, armed with measures of intimidation and revolvers ”(part 6, ch. 9) - immoral, contrary to the laws of life, Christian morality.

"Why did I kill him?" the main character of the novel asks himself. "Why do Russian people kill each other?" - we ask after the author.

• Reread the poem "The Garden of Gethsemane" from 17h. novel "Poems by Yuri Zhivago":

THE GARDEN OF GETHSEMANE
Twinkling distant stars indifferently

The turn of the road was illuminated.
The road went around the Mount of Olives,
Beneath it flowed Kedron.

The lawn was cut off in half.
Behind her was the Milky Way.
Gray silver olives
Tried to step into the distance through the air.

At the end was someone's garden, put on the land.
Leaving students behind the wall,
He told them: "The soul mourns mortally,
Stay here and watch with me."

He refused without a fight
As from things borrowed
From omnipotence and wonderworking,
And he was now as mortal as we are.

The night distance now seemed the edge

Destruction and non-existence.
The expanse of the universe was uninhabited,
And only the garden was a place to live.

And, looking into these black holes,
Empty, without beginning or end
So that this cup of death is over,
In a bloody sweat, He prayed to the Father.

Prayer softened the languor of death,
He went over the fence. On the ground
Students, overpowered by slumber,
They rolled in a roadside feather grass.

He woke them up: "The Lord has vouchsafed you
To live in my days, you sprawled like a layer.
The hour of the Son of Man has struck.
He will betray himself into the hands of sinners."

And just said, no one knows where

A crowd of slaves and a crowd of vagabonds,

Lights, swords and ahead - Judas
With a treacherous kiss on his lips.

Peter rebuffed the thugs with a sword

And cut off the ear of one of them.
But he hears: "The dispute cannot be resolved with iron,
Put your sword back in place, man.

Is it really the darkness of the winged legions
Wouldn't my father have sent me here?
And, without touching a hair on me,
Enemies would scatter without a trace.

But the book of life came to the page
Which is more precious than all holy things.
Now what is written must come true,
Let it come true. Amen.

You see, the course of centuries is like a parable
And it can catch fire on the go.
In the name of her terrible greatness
I will go into the coffin in voluntary torment.

I will go down to the grave and on the third day I will rise,
And, as rafts are rafted down the river,
To me for judgment, like caravan barges,
Centuries will float out of the darkness."

• What is Gethsemane, the Garden of Gethsemane?
• What means of artistic expression and for what purpose did the author use in the lines “Blinking of distant stars is indifferent // The turn of the road was illuminated”?
• How do you understand the lines "Gray silver olives / / Tried to step into the distance through the air"? What type of trope is the author using here?
• For what, according to the author, Jesus “refused without confrontation, / / ​​As from things received on loan ...”
• Why did he decide to be "now as mortals as we are"?
• Which line do you think is the main idea?
• What idea did Pasternak want to emphasize in the last stanza?
• What unites the excerpt from part 4. ch 11 in prose and the poem "The Garden of Gethsemane"? What is the relationship between prose and poetry in a novel?

History reference:

Gethsemane (Greek Γεθσημανί ; from Heb. גת שמנים‎, gat shmanim; aram. גת שמנא , gat shamna - letters. "oil press") - locality (or village ) at the foot of the western slope of the Mount of Olives, in the Kidron Valley, east of the Old City of Jerusalem (in East Jerusalem), in Israel.

Garden of Gethsemane- currently a small garden (47 x 50 m) in Gethsemane , is traditionally revered as a place of prayer for Jesus Christ on the night of his arrest. Eight very ancient olives grow here, the age of which, according to some sources, exceeds 2000 years. In gospel times, this was the name of the entire valley lying at the foot of the Mount of Olives and the tomb of the Virgin.
Output: The Garden of Gethsemane is a place where Christ thinks about people, about the world and his God's doom, a place where, in a moment of confusion, weakness, he turned to God"... so that this cup of death passes me ...".Compare with the lines from the first poem of the cycle "Poems by Yuri Zhivago" "Hamlet":

If possible, Abba Father,

Carry this cup past

The cup of death is an open gospel reminiscence: “Let this cup pass from me!” Words from the prayer of Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane before “they laid hands on Jesus Christ and took him. And he walked away a little, fell on his face, prayed and said: “My Father! If possible, let this cup pass from me” (Matt. 26:39).

The inversion of "distant stars" and the adverb "it doesn't matter", the personification "Grey-haired silvery olives // Tried to step into the distance through the air ..." create a spatial picture of the poem. The comparative turnover “And now he was like mortals, like us” allows us to talk about the torments and doubts of Christ, who, by his example, wants to cheer up his disciples, decides"in voluntary torment to descend into a coffin"in the name of faith and the salvation of people. The main idea of ​​the poem is contained in the lines:

But he hears: "The dispute cannot be resolved with iron,
Put your sword back in place man.
These are the words of Christ addressed to the Apostle Peter, who defended Jesus with the sword from those who came to seize him and put him to a painful death. Christ says that "A dispute cannot be settled with iron"; and so Jesus commands Peter, "Put your sword in its place, man." Before us, in essence, Yuri Zhivago's assessment of the events that are taking place in his country and around the world. This is a denial to "iron", to weapons, of the opportunity to resolve a historical dispute, to establish the truth.

This is also evidenced by the prose part of the novel - Part 4. chapter 11. “Why did I kill him?” This is also a call to “put your sword in” as an insufficient argument for resolving disputes and finding out the truth.

The cycle "Poems by Yuri Zhivago", which includes the poem "Gethsemane Garden" is evidence of his thoughts about his time and about himself. Before us is not just a small collection of poems, but a whole book that has its own strictly thought-out ring composition: the book of poems opens with the poem "Hamlet" - the theme of forthcoming suffering and the awareness of their inevitability, and ends with the poem "Gethsemane Garden" - the theme of their voluntary acceptance and expiatory sacrifice . Spiritual, social, natural ties that could not be united in the novel are built up in Yury Zhivago's Poems. The central image of the book is the image of a burning candle, the candle with which Zhivago began as a poet.

At home, try to independently correlate the following passages of prose and poetry

Prose	Poetry Chapter 17. "Poems by Yuri Zhivago"	Topic
“Yura drew attention to the black thawed well in the ice build-up of one of the windows. Through this hole shone the fire of a candle, penetrating into the street almost with a conscious look, as if the flame was spying on the riders and waiting for someone. "The candle was burning on the table. The candle was burning ..." - Yura whispered to himself the beginning of something vaguely unformed, in the hope that the continuation would come by itself, without coercion ... " Ch.3, Ch.10	Verse. 15 "Winter Night" Melo, melo all over the earth To all limits. The candle burned on the table The candle was burning.	The theme of creativity as God's light
“She was half in snow, half in frosted leaves and berries, and she stretched out two snow-covered branches forward towards him. He remembered Lara's big white hands, round, generous, and, grabbing them, pulled the tree to him. As if with a conscious response, the mountain ash showered him with snow from head to toe...” (part 12, ch. 9)	Verse. 17. "Date" Trees and fences They go into the distance, into the darkness, Alone in the snow You are standing on the corner	The image of a woman as "the most inaccessible and complex of all that Yura could imagine"
“What prevents me from serving, healing and writing? I think, not deprivations and wanderings, not instability and frequent changes, but the spirit of a crackling phrase that prevails today ... this is the very thing: the dawn of the future, the building of a new world, the torch of humanity. (part 9, ch. 7)	Verse 22 And the dark forces of the temple He is given to the scum for judgment, And with the same fervor, As they praised before, they curse	Man and history, man and power

7. About the lyrical hero of B.L. Pasternak’s novel “Doctor Zhivago”- Yuri Zhivago

• Under the influence of what people was the worldview of the lyrical hero formed?
• How did the cataclysms of the beginning of the century affect its fate?
• How did he see the Civil War?
• What does creativity mean to him?
• What does love mean to him?

Output: At the age of ten, he, the “snub-nosed boy”, remains an orphan - his mother dies (the romance begins with her funeral), and his father, the former owner of a manufactory, a bank, has long been at home"who squandered and dispelled their millionth fortune",commits suicide by throwing himself out of a courier

trains. Nikolai Nikolaevich Vedenyapin becomes the boy's guardian,"a priest who was stripped at his own request",the brother of the deceased, Yura's uncle, whom the boy respected, because "he looked like a mother", "was a free man, devoid of prejudice against anything unusual", had "a noble sense of equality with all living things." Uncle brings Yura to Moscow and settles in the family of Professor Gromeko, where the boy grows up.

« He felt himself standing on an equal footing with the universe ... "In 1908, Zhivago entered the university at the Faculty of Medicine.At the university, he became interested in philosophy and poetry. One year before graduation"Yura wrote his scientific essay on the nerve elements of the retina for the university gold medal." “All these twelve years of school, secondary and higher, Yura was engaged in antiquity and the law of God, legends and poets, the sciences of the past and nature, as a family chronicle of his home, as his genealogy ... all things were the words of his dictionary. He felt himself standing on an equal footing with the universe ... "That is, he receives an education characteristic of his circle, based on the ideas of Christianity, individual freedom and"noble feeling of equality with all living things"

The year 1911 (a year before graduating from the university) was a turning point in the life of Yuri Zhivago. It is told about him in the third part of the novel "Christmas Tree at the Sventitskys".

It was then that he begins to realize that Tonya Gromeko, with whom they“lived for six years side by side the beginning of adolescence and the end of childhood”, “knew each other to the smallest detail”, “turned out to be a woman”, “the most inaccessible and complex of all that Yura could imagine”.And he was filled with that ardent sympathy and timid amazement for her, which is the beginning of passion.They merried. In the same year he saw Lara for the second time,

“representative of life itself, existence itself”, along with which his life includesreflections on the fate of Russia, the revolution, nature. He will carry a deep feeling for Lara through his whole life.

"We are the children of the terrible years of Russia."

Soon, the usual course of life for Yuri and his generation was blown up - he becomes a witness to the "terrible years of Russia." Not having time to really see the born son, he turned out to be a doctor at the front. Zhivago sees the collapse of the army, the excesses of the anarchist deserters. It was the First World War, according to the heroes and the author himself, that was the reason"all the subsequent misfortunes that have befallen our generation until now"- revolution and civil war.

Returning to Moscow in April 1917, Zhivago found even more terrible devastation. What he saw and experienced made the doctor reconsider a lot in his attitude to the revolution. He was enthusiastic at first -"what a great surgery!", but soon changes dramatically in the critical direction:“I was very revolutionary, and now I think that you can’t get anything by violence.”During the Civil Winter of 1918, fleeing hunger and devastation, he, along with his wife, son and father-in-law, leaves for the Urals, to the former estate of his grandfather Tony Varykino. near Yuriatin. Here, the partisans of the red detachment "forced to mobilize him as a medical worker." He spends more than a year in captivity with the partisans, sees the monstrous realities of the war, when“the brutality of the belligerents by this time had reached the limit, the prisoners were not brought to their destination, the enemy wounded were pinned in the field.” “The doctor recalled the recently past autumn, the execution of the rebels, the infanticide and suicide of Palykh, the bloody goloshmatina and the slaughter of men, which did not see an end. The savagery of the whites and the reds competed in cruelty, alternately increasing one in response to the other, as if they had been multiplied.

Doctor Zhivago's diagnosis

Life after the Civil War did not work out right away. Having lost touch with Tonya and Lara, Zhivago gradually loses touch with life. In the new government, everything annoys him, especially when under“Thoughts, of course, are only their appearance, a verbal garnish for the exaltation of the revolution and those in power”

As a doctor, he makes an accurate diagnosis of himself and time:“In our time, microscopic forms of cardiac hemorrhages have become very frequent. They are not all lethal. In some cases people survive. This is a modern disease. I think her reasons are of a moral order. The vast majority of us are required to be constantly dishonest. You can’t, without consequences for health, day after day be contrary to what you feel, crucify yourself before what you don’t love, rejoice at what brings you misfortune ... "

The very death of Yuri Zhivago, which occurred in August 1929, is symbolic.

“in a faulty carriage, on which misfortunes were constantly raining down.”He died because his position was incompatible with life.

After his death, several semi-handicraft books with articles by Yuri Andreevich and 25 of his poems were discovered. It was these poems that extended the spiritual life of Doctor Zhivago, revealed the feat of the Russian intellectual, who managed to preserve his inner world in the tragic trials of the 20th century.

8. Conclusion : "The force of meanness and malice will be overcome by the spirit of good."

Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1958"for outstanding services in modern lyric poetry and in the traditional field of great Russian prose."From that moment, the persecution of the writer at the state level began. The verdict of the party leadership read: "Awarding an award for an artistically miserable, vicious work filled with hatred of socialism is a hostile political act directed against the Soviet state." Pasternak was expelled from the Union of Soviet Writers, which meant literary and social death.
The poet was forced to refuse the honorary award. Doctor Zhivago was published in Russia only in 1988, almost 30 years after the author's death on May 30, 1960 in Peredelkino.

Putting an end to the novel, Pasternak summed up his life: “Everything is unraveled, everything is named, simple, transparent, sad. Once again... definitions are given to the dearest and most important, earth and sky, a great hot feeling, the spirit of creativity, life and death...”. “Centuries will float out of the darkness…” - the poet himself wrote prophetically. Pasternak and eternity are words of the same series.
Lesson summary.

Podgorova Tatyana Pavlovna, Belgorod,
teacher of Russian language and literature
MOU secondary school №11

Reflection Lesson
based on the novel by B. Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago"

Lesson Objectives:

- to help students to reveal the depth of philosophical generalizations in B. Pasternak's novel "Doctor Zhivago", to show the features of the perception of the world by the main character, to emphasize the richness and beauty means of expression the language of the novel;

- develop the analytical thinking of students, the ability to express their point of view and argue it, compare events and opinions, draw conclusions, teach logical and emotional speech;

- to promote the development of the desire to know the laws of the universe, to help to feel ownership of the ongoing changes in public life.

Equipment:

1. Portraits of B. Pasternak of different years.
2. Exhibition of books of the poet and writer.
3. Musical accompaniment.
4. Multimedia. “Nobel laureates. Boris Pasternak, episodes from the film Doctor Zhivago directed by A. Proshkin.

epigraphs

1. Only life is just right to rush up and away all the time ...

B.Pasternak

2. ... from that moment the peoples and gods ceased, and man began ...

B.Pasternak

During the classes

1. Orgmoment
2. Work with Boris Pasternak's novel "Doctor Zhivago".

A romance sounds to the words of B. Pasternak "Dream"

Introduction by the teacher.

A few lessons ago, we lit a candle over the pages of Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago. The author himself, describing the idea of ​​his work, emphasized: "... this thing will be an expression of my views on art, on the Gospel, on a person's life in history and on many other things ...".

In the center of the novel is a philosophical understanding of the world, a conversation about time, about life and death, about the nature of art, about the miracle of human existence, about faith in life, in the future.

The task of our lesson is as follows: to determine the main moral and philosophical problems raised by the author in the novel.

— Man and the world (the role and place of man in this world;

Man and history;

Nature, the life of man in nature and the antithesis of this life;

Life and death, immortality.

Before we solve this problem, let's remind ourselves of the poetic worldview of the poet and writer.

students . In the collection of poems “My sister is life”, B. Pasternak determined:

- the integrity of the world, it is one;

- the unity of man and the world;

- the unity of the home and the world.

In other words, the poet had a negative attitude towards the remaking of the world, the world, in his opinion, must be accepted as it is.

Teacher. How do the concepts of the world and man relate to Yu. Zhivago? What is life for him?

students I Group . Expressive reading of the text. Book I, part 3, chapter 15. (Panikhida for Anna Ivanovna Gromeko). “... Having lost his mother early, all 12 years of school, secondary and higher, Yura studied antiquity and the law of God, legends and poets, the sciences of the past, nature ... Now he was not afraid of anything, neither life nor death ... He felt himself standing on equal foot with the universe ... "

students II Group. . Main character- Yuri Zhivago - believes that life is "continuously renewing itself, forever reworking itself..."

Life is also just a moment

Only dissolution

ourselves in all others,

As if they were a gift.

According to the Gospel, Yuri Zhivago is eternally alive. He is a man of a peaceful profession (doctor), passionate about art, writing poetry.

Teacher . And this man is thrown by the will of circumstances into the cycle of events of the revolution and civil war.

Let's follow the text, how does our hero feel about the changes taking place in the country?

students III Group . Initially, the attitude towards the revolution and civil war is positive. “Yesterday I watched the night rally. An amazing spectacle. Mother Russia has moved, she does not stand still, she walks, she is not located ... stars and trees converged and converse, night flowers philosophize and stone buildings rally. Something evangelical, isn't it? As in the time of the apostles ... ”(Book 1, part 5, chapter 8).

1 slide

2 slide

The novel is the life story of Yuri Zhivago, a descendant of one of the famous Russian entrepreneurs of the late 19th century. Yuri was left an orphan at the age of 10, grew up in the family of Professor Gromeko, his distant relative. Yura studied at the university at the Faculty of Medicine and once met with a well-known lawyer in St. Petersburg Komarovsky. Komarovsky interested the young man with his consumerist and adventurous view of the world. Yuri became aware that Komarovsky was to blame for the death of his father.

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Yuri grew up in the same house with Tonya Gordon. When the time came, the young people fell in love, and Yuri proposes to Tonya. Tony's mother blessed the young. The events of the First World War are approaching ...

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In 1914, Yuri Zhivago was called to the front as a regimental doctor. Tonya, after his departure, gave birth to a son, Sashenka. At the front, Yuri meets a girl whom he knew as a student. Larisa Antipova, leaving her little daughter in the care of her aunt, also joined the hospital train. Yuri and Lara feel each other's support and spiritual closeness, they become friends.

5 slide

After being seriously wounded, Zhivago returns home to St. Petersburg. The city has neither heating nor electricity. The revolutionary events forced Yuri with his family and his father-in-law Alexander Gromeko to leave for the Urals, where Gromeko had an estate and a house. We went to the Urals for almost a month. In the village of Varykino, it was still possible to survive and wait out a difficult time ...

6 slide

Zhivago sometimes sees the sick, and in his free time he writes poetry, which he began to compose in his student years. Sometimes he has to go to the nearest town of Yuriatin - to buy medicines and preparations at the pharmacy and go to the library for books. One day in the library he meets Larisa Antipova. Larisa and her daughter Katya live in Yuriatin.

7 slide

The old feelings flare up between Yuri and Larisa. And although Yuri understands that he is deceiving Tonya, he also cannot imagine his life without Larisa ... One day, returning from Yuriatin, Yuri was stopped by armed people. The civil war also reached the Urals. In the Red Army detachment of Mikulitsyn, where Zhivago was taken, typhus and dysentery were rampant, and there were many wounded. Yuri Zhivago had to be a military doctor for two long years. They followed him, fearing that Yuri, who did not share the views of the Bolsheviks, would leave the detachment ...

8 slide

One winter, Yuri managed to escape. He hardly reached Yuryatin and learned from Larisa that Alexander Gordon and Tonya managed to move abroad with the help of acquaintances. Yuri understands that he will never see his wife and children again ...

9 slide

For some time, Yuri with Larisa and Katenka live in Yuriatin. Every day they live like it's their last, because both Yuri and Larisa can be arrested... Unexpectedly, Komarovsky appears. He was invited to work by the Soviet government and is going to Far East. As he says, perhaps it will be possible to leave for China. Komarovsky insists that Larisa and Katenka go with him: this is the only way to avoid arrest.

10 slide

Yuri releases Larisa, believing that their lives are now safe. Zhivago himself moves to Moscow. He is interrogated several times, but released. Yuri changes jobs: he cuts firewood, works as a stoker, works as a janitor ... In his free time, he continues to write poetry. Yuri becomes close to a young woman, the daughter of a former janitor Marina, and Marina becomes his wife.

11 slide

One happy day, Yuri is looking for his brother Evgraf, who quickly went uphill under Soviet rule. Evgraf is a military man, he has connections in Moscow. He helps Zhivago rent a decent apartment and find a job in a hospital. It would seem that life is finally getting better ... However, returning home one of the August days, Yuri Andreevich died in a tram from a heart attack.

12 slide

It's snowy, it's snowy all over the earth In all limits. The candle was burning on the table, the candle was burning. As in summer a swarm of midges Flies to the flame, Flakes flew from the yard To the window frame ... Unexpectedly many people came to say goodbye to Yuri ... After Yuri's death, his brother Evgraf Andreevich publishes a collection of Zhivago's poems.

Literature lesson in 11th grade.

Goals and objectives: 1) through reading and analyzing poems from chapter 17 of the novel "Doctor Zhivago" to open knowledge of the entire text:
a) work with text; determine the place and significance of "Poems by Yuri Zhivago" in the composition and concept of the novel;
b) cultural aspect - to analyze the symbols of the novel in the poem "Winter Night" and in the book of the first part of the third in chapters nine, ten "Christmas tree at the Sventitskys" - the image of a candle; in the poem "The Miracle" and in the book of the third part of the eleventh, in the fourth chapter "Forest Host" - the image of a tree, a barren fig tree;
c) the relationship of characters (etymology);
2) to develop elements of logical thinking through heuristic conversation;
3) actualization modern life, examples from the works of B. Pasternak's contemporaries (A.A. Furmanov "Rout" - the image of the Sword) and in works of XIX century (F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment");
4) moral and ethical aspect, moral traditions - Christian motives in the novel, attitude towards God;
5) the meaning of the novel "Doctor Zhivago"; the significance of B.L. Pasternak.
Epigraph to the lesson: “Pasternak is the presence of God in our lives. Presence, given not postulately, but objectively, through the sensual sensation of Life - the best, inexplicable creation of the Universe.
Andrei Voznesensky.
Methods and techniques: lecture with elements of conversation, analysis of poems.
Materials and equipment: Portrait of B.L. Pasternak, Roman "Doctor Zhivago", multi video film, mp-3 song by A.B. Pugacheva "The Candle Was Burning", a candlestick with a burning candle, a video film by David Lynn "Doctor Zhivago" in two parts.

Plan and course of the lesson.
Org. moment.
Introduction by the teacher.

***
In everything I want to reach
To the very core
At work, in search of a way,
In heartbreak.
To the essence of past days,
Until their reason
Down to the roots, down to the roots
To the core.

The thread grabs all the time
destinies, events,

Make discoveries

In this excerpt from a 1956 poem, Boris Leonidovich Pasternak talks about the essence and meaning of his work, about the desire not to remain on the surface of phenomena, but to penetrate into their essence.
III. - Today in the lesson we will work on the top work of prose by B.L. Pasternak's novel "Doctor Zhivago". About the characterization of the concept of the book, given in a letter to O. Freudenberg in the autumn of 1946, B. Pasternak reports: “I began to write a novel in prose“ Boys and Girls ”, which in ten chapters should cover the fortieth anniversary of 1902-1946, and with great enthusiasm wrote a quarter of everything conceived or a fifth of it I am already old, soon, perhaps, I will die, and it is impossible to postpone indefinitely the free expression of my real thoughts. And a little later, in a letter to O. Freudenberg, he wrote: “I want to give in it a historical image of Russia over the past forty-five years, and at the same time, all sides of my plot, heavy, sad and elaborated - this thing will be an expression of my views on art, on the gospel, on the life of man in history, and much more.”
By the end of 1947, 10 poems for the future novel had already been written.
The novel was originally called "Boys and Girls", then "Rynva" (a navigable river mentioned in the second part of the novel), "The candle burned" and only much later the novel began to be called "Doctor Zhivago".
In February 1956, Pasternak offered the manuscript of his novel to two magazines at once - Znamya and Novy Mir. Only in September did an official refusal come, signed by A. Agapov, B. Lavrenev, K. Fedin, K. Simonov and A. Krivitsky: “The spirit of your novel is the spirit of rejection of the socialist revolution. The pathos of your novel is the pathos of the assertion that the October Revolution, the Civil War and the subsequent changes connected with them brought nothing but suffering to the people, and the Russian intelligentsia was destroyed either physically or morally. Your novel is deeply unfair. Historically biased and alien to any understanding of the interests of the people "Although at that time Europe and America were reading the novel Doctor Zhivago, the novel was published in Milan in 1957, and in 1958 in England, the USA, Germany and Sweden.
On October 23, 1958, the secretary of the Nobel Foundation, Anders Estrling, informed Pasternak by telegram that he had been awarded the prize and invited him to come to Stockholm on December 10 for the official award ceremony. Pasternak responded by sending a telegram of gratitude: "I am infinitely grateful, touched, proud, surprised, embarrassed." Soon, at a meeting of the board of the Writers' Union, the question “On the actions of a member of the USSR Writers' Union B.L. Pasternak, incompatible with the title of a Soviet writer.
The newspapers began to openly defame the author of Doctor Zhivago. And under the pressure of everything that was happening, Pasternak was forced to publicly refuse the Nobel Prize. But the scandal did not subside. Pasternak wrote about this in his poem "The Nobel Prize":
I disappeared like an animal in a pen.
Somewhere people, will, light,
And behind me the noise of the chase.
I have no way out.
In the spring of 1960, a fatal illness bedridden Pasternak - a heart attack, and further examination confirmed another diagnosis - lung cancer. May 30, 1960 Boris Leonidovich died.
- Today in the lesson we will try to understand why the novel was so received by the Soviet public, although it can be said with certainty that many of Pasternak's contemporaries participating in his persecution did not even read the novel, and many were not familiar with Pasternak's work at all.
Poetry and prose in B.L. Pasternak's "Doctor Zhivago" form a living, indecomposable unity, which is, in fact, a new genre form. Therefore, in the lesson, you and I will be interested in the poetic and functional significance that has in the general context of Pasternak's novel "Yuryev's Notebook" - a poetic cycle, which is the seventeenth, final part of it, consisting of 25 poems.
The Zhivagovsky cycle includes poems written in the period from 1946 to 1953, extremely diverse in genre and lyrical themes. Poem-
The works of Yuri Zhivago must be considered only from the point of view of the unity of the prose text and the poetic parts of the novel, from the point of view of the unity of the cycle itself and its correlation with the prose text.
And in this context, the poems of the cycle perform two main functions. The essence of the first is determined by the fact that many "through" images find their aesthetic completion and symbolic rethinking in one or another poem of the cycle, that is, being an element compositional structure text. The second function is to reveal value judgments, conceptual ideas, deep meaningful layers hidden in a prose text.
The novel about Yuri Zhivago's earthly journey begins with the death of his mother and ends with his death and funeral. Yuri Andreevich Zhivago - a doctor, thinking, with a search for creative and artistic folds, dies in 1929, after him there are notes and, among other papers, written in his younger years, finished poems, some of which make up the last, final part of the novel.
Yuri Zhivago is a doctor, but we do not see his direct medical activity in the novel. The hero of Pasternak is a spiritual doctor, like gospel Jesus, he heals the souls of people; his poems are both good news, and healing, and insight, and liberation, and repentance, and faith in the resurrection. The whole novel is permeated with Christian ideas. The very name of the hero is associated with the image of Christ (“You are the son of the living god”: “living” is the form of the genitive and accusative cases in the Old Russian language). The name Yuri is also symbolic - a variant of the name George (George the Victorious).
In fact, the main action of the novel begins with a burning candle, the plot dynamics of which, according to the critic A. Lavrov, "is based on plot knots formed by chance meetings and coincidences."
Let's read the poem "Winter Night".

Winter night(15)
Melo, melo all over the earth
To all limits.
A candle burned on the table.
The candle was burning.

Like a swarm of midges in summer
Flying into the flame
Flakes flew from the yard
to the window frame.

Snowstorm sculpted on glass
Circles and arrows.
The candle burned on the table
The candle was burning.

On the illuminated ceiling
The shadows lay
Crossing arms, crossing legs.
Crossing of fate.

And two shoes fell
With a knock on the floor.
And wax with tears from the night light
Drip on the dress.

And everything was lost in the snowy mist.
Gray and white.
The candle burned on the table
The candle was burning.

The candle blew from the corner,
And the heat of temptation
Raised like an angel two wings
Crosswise.

Melo all month in February,
And every now and then
The candle burned on the table
The candle was burning.

What does the candle symbolize? (The image of a candle has a special meaning in Christian symbolism. Addressing his disciples in the Sermon on the Mount, Christ says: “You are the light of the world. A city standing on a mountain top cannot hide. And, having lit a candle, they do not put it under a vessel, but on a candlestick and shine on all in the house. So let your light shine before men, that they may see your good works and glorify your Father in heaven").
- When does the image of a candle appear in the novel? (The image of a candle appears twice in the novel. The first time - in a snowstorm, on a frosty Christmas night, on the eve of which the dying Anna Ivanovna blesses Yura and Tonya, the night before the Christmas tree at the Sventitskys. Yura sees from the street a circle thawed from a candle - in a frosty window. Lara, intent on irrevocably determining her fate, resolving a whole bundle of problems related to her deep dependence on Komarovsky, the debt of her brother Rodion and the uncertainty of relations with Pasha Antipov, comes to Pasha in a room with a proposal to get married as soon as possible.Pasha, at the request of Lara, put a candle on the windowsill, this candle is seen by Yuri Zhivago, driving with Tonya on a sledge along Kamergersky. From the close flame of a candle, a circle forms, resembling a conscious, outward gaze. The image of a candle gives rise to the first poem in his mind - "The candle was burning on the table.")
-This moment of the novel is deeply symbolic, it is impossible to give an unambiguous interpretation to it. One thing is clear: this episode is one of the semantic centers of the work, linking together not only the prose and verse parts of the novel, but also a number of aspects of its problems. The poem "Winter Night" is the first poem by Yuri Zhivago, which means that the image of a candle contributes to the birth of the poet.
- The light of a candle connects Yura with Tonya and Lara with Pasha at a turning point in their lives: two new families are born, and a ray of light shows that this connection is not accidental.
The next intersection of the fates of Yuri and Lara is marked by the first coming of inspiration to him. From now on, Lara will become, secretly or openly for Zhivago, his Muse, Zhivago's path as a poet will begin with this candle.
- Let's remember in which episode of the novel F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" also mentions the image of a candle as the image of God. (In part 4 in chapter 4 of the novel Crime and Punishment, the image of a candle is also mentioned. When Raskolnikov comes to Sonya Marmeladova to tell about the crime, he goes up to the Capernaum house where Sonya lives. And he fumbles in the dark for a long time before he finds the right door And the first thing he sees in Sonya's room is a lit candle on a sagging chair, which means that in this darkness, only Sonya has light, only God lives in her apartment).
Let's turn to another poem by Yuri Zhivago - "Hamlet".
Poem "Hamlet" (1)
The hum is quiet. I went out to the stage.
Leaning against the door frame
I catch in a distant echo
What will happen in my lifetime.

The twilight of the night is directed at me
A thousand binoculars on an axis.
If possible, Abba Father,
Pass this cup.

I love your stubborn intention
And I agree to play this role.
But now there's another drama going on
And this time, fire me.

But the schedule of actions is thought out,
And the end of the road is inevitable.
I am alone, everything is drowning in hypocrisy.
To live life is not a field to cross.
- Guys, before we work with this poem, let's find out what the word Pharisees means or who are the Pharisees?
Pharisees (other - Heb.) 1. Members of a religious and political sect, representing the interests of the wealthy sections of the urban population, distinguished by fanaticism and hypocritical execution of pious rules.
2. Currently - a common noun for hypocrites and hypocrites. (Encyclopedia of the Russian language. Dictionary of foreign words. - Moscow. - Mir knigi. - 2003. - p. 381-382.)
This poem can be considered the key to the entire book; it is not without reason that the seventeenth, poetic chapter of the novel opens with it. Key in the sense that understanding how the poem is structured provides the key to understanding the entire novel. The poem can be read as follows:
- the very title of the poem, as well as the situation of the inevitability of the path destined for the hero and the attempt to comprehend this inevitability, indicate that this is the internal monologue of Hamlet - the Danish prince from the tragedy of the same name by W. Shakespeare;
- mention of hypocrisy and the loneliness of the hero: thus, the theme of life as a redemptive sacrifice and the theme of beginning with the birth of Christ are introduced new era- start modern history, ad;
- this poem is included in the ideological structure of "Doctor Zhivago", allows you to comprehend the life path of the hero in relation to the paths of Hamlet, the artist-actor, who, according to his position, must complete his role in the drama of life, and, finally, Christ, who said a new word to the world about life and his own life who confirmed his correctness (the possibility of such a reading is supported by the surname of the hero - the seal of the Living God (Rev. 7.2); by the way, Yuri's mother was called Maria).
- but if we remember that in reality the poem belongs to the pen of B. Pasternak, then the features of the biographism of the novel will become clear: how, in the almost complete absence of external coincidences, life paths the author of the hero of the novel and its protagonist. The words spoken about this work by D.S. Likhachev: "Doctor Zhivago" - "Pasternak's spiritual autobiography". The point here is not in the commonality of biography facts, but in the commonality of the spiritual path chosen once by Christ and at all times since then chosen by the best representatives of humanity - the sacrificial path.
The originality of both the poem and the novel is that Pasternak does not directly transfer the circumstances of two thousand years ago to the present: these circumstances seem to shine through the veil of time, do not replace each other, but merge into an indissoluble whole, “like an image enters an image, / And how the object cuts the object ”(“ I want to go home, in hugeness ”). This overcomes time itself: what happened centuries ago is happening here and now, and will never pass, will be forever.
-Now we will consider another poem from the Zhivagov cycle - the poem "Miracle". We will consider the problem raised in this work - the problem of the revolution and the intelligentsia.
Poem "Miracle" (20)
He went from Bethany to Jerusalem,
We languish in advance with sadness of forebodings.

The thorny bush on the steep was burned out,
Smoke did not move over the neighbor's hut,
The air was hot, and the reeds were motionless,
And the Dead Sea peace is immovable.

And in bitterness, arguing with the bitterness of the sea,
He walked with a small crowd of clouds
On a dusty road to someone's yard,
Went to the city at a gathering of disciples.

And so He deepened into His thoughts,
That the field in despondency smelled of wormwood.
Everything is quiet. He alone stood in the middle,
And the area lay in a layer in oblivion.
Everything is mixed up: warm and desert,
And lizards, and keys, and streams.

The fig tree rose in the distance,
No fruits at all, only branches and leaves.
And He said to her: “For what profit are you?
What joy do I have in your tetanus?

I thirst and hunger, and you are an empty flower,
And meeting with you is more dreary than granite.
Oh, how insulting and untalented you are!
Stay like this until the end of your life."

A shiver of condemnation passed through the tree,
Like a lightning spark through a lightning rod.
The fig tree was burned to ashes.

Find at this time a moment of freedom
At the leaves, the branches, and the roots, and the trunk,
If only the laws of nature could intervene.
But a miracle is a miracle, and a miracle is God.
When we are in confusion, then in the midst of confusion
It overtakes instantly, unawares.
During one of the clashes between the partisan detachment and the White Guards, the doctor, contrary to the international convention forbidding doctors to participate in hostilities, took the rifle of the killed telephone operator and, in order not to shoot at the advancing, mostly very young guys, began to aim at a dead charred tree.
-What did he do it for? And what happened next?
(This tree was a real salvation for the attackers, but they all did not allow themselves to hide behind its trunk and moved on. But as the doctor was not careful, he still wounded two White Guards, and another shot cost him his life).
- This episode contains a number of essential problems of the novel. Good-
the free participation in the battle of Doctor Zhivago, forcibly captured by the partisans, sets the theme of the intelligentsia and the revolution. The author shows that in an era of revolutionary upheavals it is impossible to remain in a position “above the fight”: even a servile position in a hostile camp, “passive” cooperation with one of the belligerents is already participation in the struggle. Zhivago, who is aware of this, for all his “non-belligerence”, is aware of the illusory nature and even the falsity of the posture of “non-intervention”: he obeys the logic of the fight, which does not allow anyone to remain on the sidelines.
- Guys, let's remember in which work, from the recently studied by you, the issue of the intelligentsia and the revolution is very sharply raised?
(Alexander Fadeev's novel "The Rout". In this novel, as well as in B. Pasternak's novel, the problem of the intelligentsia and the revolution is raised).
- On the example of these two novels, one can identify the author's position of each writer by comparing the description of Mechik and Zhivago (chapters 11-12).
- How did Mechik get into the partisan detachment?
(Mechik got into the partisan detachment on a ticket from the maximalist party).
- And how did Zhivago get into the partisan detachment?
(Yuri Zhivago was captured by a partisan detachment as a "useful" person).
- What is the self-perception of Pavel Mechik and Yuri Zhivago in the atmosphere of a partisan detachment?
(Both heroes “did not take root” in the detachment. If Mechik gradually falls into despair as he moves away from the detachment life and from the standard he created in his imagination, then Zhivago is not compatible with this life, since he does not initially accept the laws of the folk drama that has played out.)
- Both writers convince us that the wavering part of the intelligentsia in the 1920s could "waver" only in the direction of rejection of the "era of revolutionary battles." Both heroes run away from the squad. The sword runs away, throwing off the unbearable burden of a revolutionary fighter. His thoughts are thoughts, this is the beginning of the end that leads to crime, betrayal. From this follows the author's verdict on the "clean" intellectuals who are afraid of blood and only prevent others from fulfilling their revolutionary duty.
For the Sword to leave the detachment means to betray the banner under which he became. For Zhivago, this means surrendering to the elements of beauty and spirituality, without which life is inconceivable for him. Fadeev issues the following sentence to Mechik: "Everything that is not capable of a real revolutionary struggle, accidentally falling into the camp of the revolution, is eliminated." A completely different trend emerges in Pasternak's position: this is the view of the writer of another pole, other dimensions, putting the artist "above the fight" in recreating the image of historical Time.
Let's turn to the text of the poem "Miracle". The poem mentions the barren fig tree burnt to ashes by Christ.
Reading the parable "The withered fig tree".
Returning early in the morning to the city, Jesus felt very hungry. Along the way, He saw a fig tree. He approached her, but, except for the leaves, he did not find anything on the tree. Then Jesus said to the tree:
May you never bear fruit again!
The tree withered immediately. When the students saw this, they were surprised:
How could this tree wither so quickly?
Jesus replied:
“I tell you the truth: if you believe without a doubt, you can do not only what was done with the tree, you can even say to this mountain: “Go and throw yourself into the sea,” and it will obey you. If you believe, whatever you ask for in prayer, you will receive. (Word of Life / New Testament in modern translation. - M. "Protestant". - 1992. - p. 30.)
In the novel, Zhivago shoots at a tree that "has been charred by lightning or fire, or split and scorched by previous battles", has symbolic meaning and in general, the whole novel echoes the poem "Miracle". This tree is a temptation for the advancing Whites as an opportunity to protect themselves from bullets and escape death. However, they understand the futility of such behavior and prefer the path of the victim - the path of authenticity. Their only mistake is excessive theatricality, flaunting their prowess, which would be excusable in youth if it did not lead to senseless sacrifices.
IV. Summary of the lesson.
We limited ourselves to the analysis of three poems, but even this serves as a vivid example and proof of how closely poetry and prose interact in Pasternak's novel.
"Doctor Zhivago" is a unique work in all respects: philosophical, poetic-genre, in terms of continuity and in terms of innovation. The poetic word of the hero in the novel is not an object of representation, but a full-fledged, living depicting word that complements and deepens the prosaic, authorial word. The organic unity of the prose and poetic parts of the novel is ultimately perceived not just as an original compositional device, but, above all, as a symbol of true art - art that can exist only in merger with the life that generates it and is transformed by it.
And at the end of the lesson, we will once again turn to the epigraph, to the words of Andrei Voznesensky about Boris Pasternak: “Pasternak is the presence of God in our lives. Presence, given not postulately, but objectively, through the sensual sensation of Life - the best, inexplicable creation of the Universe.
In my opinion, these words characterize the personality and work of B.L. Pasternak. Each century gives birth to its own genius: in the 19th century it was A.S. Pushkin, and in the 20th century it is, of course, B.L. Parsnip. And I would like to finish the lesson with a poem
***
In everything I want to reach
To the very core
At work, in search of a way,
In heartbreak.
To the essence of past days,
Until their reason
Down to the roots, down to the roots
To the core.

The thread grabs all the time
destinies, events,
Live, think, feel, love,
Complete opening.

Oh if only I could
Although in part
I would write eight lines
About the properties of passion.

About lawlessness. About the sins
Run, chase.
Accidents in a hurry,
Elbows, palms,

I would deduce her law.
Its beginning
And repeated her names
Initials.

I would break poetry like a garden.
With all the trembling of the veins
Limes would bloom in them in a row.
Guskom, in the back of the head.

In verses I would bring the breath of roses,
mint breath,
Meadows, sedge, haymaking,
Thunderstorms.

So once Chopin invested
living miracle
Farms, parks, groves, graves
In your studies.
Achieved triumph
Game and flour -
Strung string
Hard bow.

Board layout:
Theme of the lesson: "Poems by Yuri Zhivago". The meaning of the poetic cycle in the general context of the novel by B.L. Pasternak.

“Pasternak is the presence of God in our lives. Presence, given not postulately, but objectively, through the sensual sensation of Life - the best, inexplicable creation of the Universe.
Andrei Voznesensky.

Yuri Andreevich Zhivago candle Lara Guichard
Zhivago = Jesus Christ Guichard = prison window
Yuri = George the Victorious Larisa = seagull Tonya Gromeko - Shura's son Pavel Antipov - a trip to daughter Katya Ural, to teach, daughter
Kate
war
hospital - February Revolution
daughter of Tanya Bezocheredov

The death of Yuri Zhivago, the fate of Lara Guichard is unknown
Death of Yuri Zhivago's mother

Literature lesson in 11th grade.

"You are the son of the living God"

Christian motifs in the novel Doctor Zhivago

Poems by Yuri Zhivago.

1. Draw students' attention to genre originality novel, the indissoluble dialectical unity of poetry and prose.

2.Help the children understand the meaning Christian motives in the creative concept of Pasternak.

3. Determine the role of the poetic cycle in the novel:

The poem "Hamlet"

The poem "The Garden of Gethsemane"

Poem "Winter Night"

Type of lesson: generalization of the studied material.

Type of lesson: lesson-seminar

During the classes

Organizational moment. Determination of the goals and objectives of the lesson, its place and significance in the system of lessons based on the novel by B. Pasternak.

Slide "Theme of the lesson"

I finished the novel, fulfilled my duty,

ordained by God.

(from a letter from Pasternak to V. Shalamov)

II lesson - seminar.

Slide "Portrait of B. Pasternak. Epigraph"

Discussion, explanation of the epigraph.

Questions for discussion during the lesson:

Slide "Lesson"

1. Themes and problems of the novel.

Man and revolution

Man and the world

Man and history

Human and nature

Man and his relationship with life and death

1. Christian motifs in the novel Doctor Zhivago

Christian Ideas

Symbols

3. Analysis of poems.

a) Hamlet

b) "Winter Night"

c) The Garden of Gethsemane

Teacher's word. The hero of Pasternak, Yuri Zhivago, attracts with openness, the ability to love and appreciate life, insecurity, which is not a sign of lack of will, but the ability to think, doubt. Hero Expression moral ideal author: he is talented, smart, kind, sees the world in his own way and does not adapt to anyone. He is a person. The idea of ​​the novel is the Christian idea of ​​a free individual.

Opening talk:

Was it by chance that the idea of ​​life became central to the novel?

What is the first manifestation of the idea of ​​life in the novel?

In what way does life manifest itself most vividly?

What is Russia for Zhivago?

So, what is the main thing for a hero in life? (the ideas of Christianity, the ideas of a free person and the idea of ​​life as a sacrifice)

Bible theme slides

Who is the hero's name associated with? (with the image of Christ)

The symbol enclosed in the name of the protagonist? (Yuri is a variant of the name George, George is the Victorious)

Teacher. Yu. Zhivago almost does not take a direct part in the events, but his understanding of life, everything that happens is based on Christian values.

The basis of the plot is the gospel drama of spiritual choice and sacrifice on the cross.

At the center of the hero's reflections is the triad: "life-death-resurrection"

Creativity - "The Word of God about life"

Jesus Christ slides

1 group. Commentary on "Vedenyapin's sermon" (part 1, ch.5)

- In what works of the 20th century did you come across such an understanding of God?

(M. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita")

2 group. What is the significance of the chronology of events in the novel? (plot on the scale of eternity)

Group 3. Elements of Church Slavonic vocabulary, references to the Holy Scriptures, to the gospel texts and their role.

4 group. The image of Christ and the hero of the novel. Mapping.

Teacher . Does the novel end with the death of Doctor Zhivago? (No, it ends with poetry) Why do you think?

(Poems - that which cannot die

Poems by Yuri Zhivago.

Teacher's word. Poetry and prose in the novel form a living, indecomposable unity, a new genre form. Therefore, we can talk about genre innovation Pasternak. So, what is the meaning of the "notebook of Yuriev's writings" in the general context of the novel?

Student's message about Zhivagov's poetic cycle.(to be prepared in advance)

Teacher's word. So, since the ideal of the hero of the novel and its author is projected onto " eternal image”, then it is best to consider it on

"Poems by Yuri Zhivago"

What poem opens the seventeenth, poetic chapter of the work?

Hamlet slides. The student reads the poem by heart.

Analysis of the poem "Hamlet"

Why does the cycle open with this particular poem?

The nature of the poem. "Hamlet" by Pasternak and "I am Hamlet" by A. Blok

How is the poem included in the context of world culture?

What formula of Shakespeare does this poem bring to mind?

("All world-theatre, and the people in it are actors")

What do the fates of Hamlet and Yuri Zhivago have in common?

Implementation of homework. Comparison of Hamlet's monologue

(W. Shakespeare "Hamlet", act 1,3) with reflections of the lyrical hero of the poem. Gospel Reminiscence.

Teacher. In this appeal (May this cup pass from me!) is a paraphrase of Christ's prayer in the Garden of Gethsemane.

Slides of the Garden of Gethsemane. The student reads an excerpt from the poem.

Analysis of the poem "The Garden of Gethsemane"

What place does this poem occupy in the poetry notebook?

Give your interpretation of the poem. (For Zhivago to follow Jesus Christ means to follow the chosen path of suffering, to gain Eternity)

A hidden controversy with A. Blok's poem "The Twelve".

What works of literature of the 20th century did you visit with the author in the Garden of Gethsemane? (M. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita", the scene of the murder of Judas)

Why exactly this poem completes the book of Yuri Zhivago's lyrics?

Teacher's word. There is an assumption that the poem "Winter Night" is the first poem by Yuri Zhivago. This assumption is interesting and in general corresponds to the spirit of the novel, its symbolism.

The student reads a poem.

And now listen to the song on the words of this poem.

Slides "Winter night".

- Determine the meaning of the image-symbol of the candle according to the novel and the Bible.

(9, 10 chapters of the first part - the eve of the feast of the Nativity of Christ. It was at this time that Yuri whispers to himself: “The candle was burning on the table. The candle was burning ...”. He hoped that the continuation would come by itself without coercion. It did not come. The symbolism of the candle goes back to the words in the Sermon on the Mount "... lighting a candle, do not put it under a vessel, but on a candlestick, and shines on everyone in the house" The image-symbol of a burning candle goes through the whole narrative, thus, as it were, fastening the corresponding parts of the novel)

What is the second main image in the poem? (blizzard)

What can a person oppose to a hostile world and a feeling of being lost in a cold space? (human feelings)

In what lines does the poet say: the blizzard is powerless? What is the strength of the final stanza of the poem?

Philosophical verses and habitual words. Being and life.

How does sound writing convey the sound of fallen shoes and the slow fall of wax drops?

What tropes does the poet use? (epithets, comparisons)

Verbal construction of the text (there are no verbs denoting the actions of the characters)

Why do critics define this poem as a fusion of philosophical and love lyrics?

Generalization. What is the significance of "The Poems of Yuri Zhivago" in the context of the novel?

Video film "B. Pasternak" (excerpt)

Summing up the lesson.

What words does the novel end with, what is your opinion about the ending?

E.Z.1. Lyrics of Pasternak in the assessment of critics, give examples of the statements of M. Tsvetaeva, R. Yakobson, L. Ozerov, A. Sinyavsky, D. S. Likhachev and others.

2. Think over the topics of essays on the work of B. Pasternak, prepare a thesis plan for one of the topics.

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