Who in Russia is a good idea to live. Themes of essays on the poem "who in Russia live well." Main character groups
“Who is living well in Russia?” The poem begins with this question. The heroes who set out to look for “who lives happily, freely in Russia” ask questions to representatives of different classes and receive different answers. Sometimes opposite ideals of happiness appear before us. However, the main goal of the heroes is to find “muzhik happiness”. Who are they happy? How to combine personal happiness with public? These are the questions the author asks himself and his characters.
For the landowner Obolt-Obolduev and Prince Utyatin, happiness is a thing of the past. These heroes regret the times of serfdom: "string" allowed them to be self-willed, spend time in idleness and gluttony, the fun of dog hunting ... "Peace, wealth, honor" - this is the formula for happiness that the pop brings, but in reality it turns out that there is no peace, no wealth, no honor in the life of a clergyman.
The peasant world appears before us in the chapter "Happy". It would seem that now, judging by the title of the chapter, we will get an answer to main question poems. Is it so? The happiness of a soldier lies in the fact that the poor fellow was not killed in battles, not beaten with sticks, punishing for "great and small" offenses. The stonemason is happy that, by working, he drives away the need from the family. A Belarusian peasant, having suffered from hunger in the past, rejoices in satiety in the present ... Thus, happiness for these people consists in the absence of misfortune.
Further in the poem, images of people's intercessors appear. A clear conscience, the trust of people - this is Yermila Girin's happiness. For Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina, endowed with fortitude, self-esteem, the idea of happiness is associated with family and children. For Savely, happiness is freedom. But do they have what they say? ..
Nobody lives well in Russia. Why are there no happy people in Russia? Is one to blame serfdom, the habit of slavery? Will the country move towards happiness if the memory of serfdom disappears? This is how Grisha Dobrosklonov is inclined to think. But for Nekrasov, this is only part of the truth. Let us recall the "Elegy" ("Let the changeable fashion speak to us..."): "The people are liberated, but are the people happy? ..".
The problem of happiness is translated by the author into a moral plane. The key theme of the poem is the theme of sin. Numerous peasant sins, uniting with the master's, fall like a heavy cross on Russia. Everyone is sinful, even the best: Yermila Girin shielded his brother from recruitment at the cost of widow's tears; Savely responded to oppression with murder... Is happiness possible at the expense of another? And what are they all the same - the paths leading to people's happiness? True happiness is the struggle for the people's welfare. Living for others is the ideal of Grisha Dobrosklonov. From the author's point of view, the only possible path fortunately - the path of redemption, sacrifice, asceticism. Matryona Korchagina lies down under the whip, Savely exhausts himself with a vow, Ermila Girin goes to prison, Grisha chooses "the glorious path, the loud name of the people's intercessor, consumption and Siberia."
Despite everything, the ending of the poem is optimistic. The author leads us to the conclusion that, firstly, the happiness of the people will be possible only when they become the full owner of their land. Secondly, only one who fulfills his duty to the people can be happy, sees the goal of life in his liberation from the sin of slavery, servility, poverty, drunkenness, savagery, and therefore - in universal happiness. Only in the struggle "for the embodiment of the happiness of the people" does a person "life freely, cheerfully in Russia."
Before proceeding directly to the analysis of "To whom it is good to live in Russia", we will briefly consider the history of the creation of the poem and general information. Nikolai Nekrasov wrote the poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia". The fact is that in 1861 serfdom was finally abolished - many had been waiting for this reform for a long time, but after its introduction, unforeseen problems began in society. One of them Nekrasov expressed as follows, to paraphrase a little: yes, people have become free, but have they become happy?
The poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia" tells how life went after the reform. Most literary critics agree that this work is the pinnacle of Nekrasov's work. It may seem that the poems are sometimes funny, somewhat fabulous, simple and naive, but this is far from being the case. The poem should be read carefully and draw deep conclusions. And now let's move on to the analysis of "Who in Russia should live well."
Theme of the poem and problems
What is the plot of the poem "To whom in Russia it is good to live"? "Pillar path", and on it there are men - seven people. And they began to argue about who is the sweetest of all to live in Russia. However, the answer is not so easy to find, so they decide to go on a journey. This is how the main theme of the poem is determined - Nekrasov widely reveals the life of Russian peasants and other people. Many questions are covered, because the peasants have to make acquaintances with all sorts - they meet: a priest, a landowner, a beggar, a drunkard, a merchant and many others.
Nekrasov invites the reader to learn about the fair and the prison, to see how hard the poor work and on wide leg the gentleman lives, attend a merry wedding and celebrate a holiday. And all this can be comprehended by drawing conclusions. But this is not the main thing when we do the analysis "Who should live well in Russia." Let us briefly discuss the point why it is impossible to say unequivocally who main character this work.
Who is the main character of the poem
It seems that everything is simple - seven men who argue and wander, trying to find the happiest person. In fact, they are the main characters. But, for example, the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov is clearly highlighted, because it is this character, according to Nekrasov's plan, that reflects the one who will enlighten Russia and save the people in the future. However, it is also impossible not to mention the image of the people themselves - this is also main image And actor in the work.
For example, when reading "Drunken Night" and "A Feast for the Whole World" one can see the unity of people as a people when a fair, haymaking or mass festivities take place. Making an analysis of "Who should live well in Russia", it can be noted that personality traits personalities are not inherent in seven peasants, which clearly indicates Nekrasov's intention. Their description is very short, it is not possible to single out their character from a single character. In addition, men strive for the same goals and even argue most often at the same time.
Happiness in the poem becomes main theme, and each character understands it differently. A priest or a landowner strives to get rich and receive honor, a peasant has a different happiness ... But it is important to understand that some heroes believe that one does not need to have one's own happiness, because it is inseparable from the happiness of the whole people. What other problems does Nekrasov raise in the poem? He talks about drunkenness, moral decline, sin, the interaction of old and new orders, love of freedom, rebellion. Separately, we mention the problem of women in Russia.
Nekrasov's poem, which has become a genuine epic folk life, absorbed all the main themes of the poet's work. main idea of this work, placed in its title, gives the poem not only national, but also universal significance. Drawing the state of post-reform Russia, the poet emphasizes that in an atmosphere of change, stable, unchanging principles stand out most clearly. There is a theme here that is closely related to the most important theme of the poet’s late lyrics: the chains of serfdom broke up, but the suffering of the people remained, there was an indelible mark left by centuries of slavery:
The great chain was torn, It was torn - it jumped: One end hit the gentleman, The other one hit the peasant! ..
The fact that the life of the people has remained as before difficult, the reader will already know in the Prologue, where he meets wanderers who will have to look for a happy one. It's "seven temporary"
The tightened province of Zaplatov, Dyryavin, Terpigorev Uyezd, Razutov, Zlobishin, Empty Volost, Gorelov, Neelova - From adjacent villages: Crop failure also ...
The very names of these villages speak eloquently of the position of the people in post-reform Russia. But this theme appears most clearly in the further course of the search for the happy, who must embody the people's dream of happiness:
We are looking for, Uncle Vlas, Unworn province, Ungutted volost, Izbytkov village! ..
In the chapter “Happy”, the stories of the “happy ones” sound bitter irony, which show the wretchedness and unbearable hardship of the life of the people, when a person, poor, sick, crippled, is happy only because he remained alive after all the suffering he endured. Such is the "muzhik's happiness" - "leaky with patches, humpbacked with corns." All subsequent meetings of peasant wanderers confirm the idea that the share of the people is still difficult.
This is especially true of the female share - another favorite theme of Nekrasov's work, which reappears with all its might in the part "Peasant Woman", which tells about the fate of Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina. She, like many other Russian women, can draw a bitter conclusion:
It's not a matter - between the women To look for a happy one! ..But the poet also sees the bright sides of people's life, which are connected with the richest opportunities that are inherent in it. This is a working people, the creator of all the material and spiritual values with which the country is rich:
We are a little Working life - We ask God: A direct friend An honest thing To the heart is dear, To do skillfully Away from the threshold, Give us strength! Coward and lazy!
This topic is closely related to the theme of heroism inherent in Russian national character. This is not only a heroic force, which is concentrated in the image of Savely, but the ability to stand up for the truth, for your happiness:
The army rises - Innumerable! The power in it will be indestructible!
That is why the words of the poet about the age-old humility and long-suffering of the people, which are also hallmark national character:
That is why we endured, That we are heroes. In that Russian heroism.
Savely says so, but it is not for nothing that the poet shows him, and with him the whole people, not only in humility, but also when his patience comes to an end. Saveliy tells how, unable to withstand the bullying of the German Vogel, the peasants buried him in the ground alive:
And no matter how the German ruled, Yes, our axes lay - for the time being!
It is significant that, in accordance with the laws of the epic, the national motivation here coincides with the social one. The poet claims that the people experience a similar antipathy towards the representatives of the church, although these feelings are not fully motivated. Calling the priests "a foal breed," the peasants cannot answer why they treat them this way: "Not by themselves ... by their parents," is all they can say. This is also a feature of epic consciousness, epic experience, which cannot be explained by the everyday experience of one generation. It is nationwide, primordial and dates back to the time of the forefathers.
But on the other hand, the hatred of the peasants for the oppressors-landowners is marked quite clearly. She clearly appears in the chapter "Landlord" and in the part "Last Child", where another major theme of Nekrasov's creativity arises - a satirical depiction of the enslavers and exploiters of the people. At the same time, the poet shows that the people's consciousness does not accept the position of the landowner Obolt-Obolduev, who longs for the times when he had unlimited power:
The law is my desire! The fist is my police!
With great doubt, the peasants listen to the story of how, after the abolition of serfdom, the peasants agree to play "gum" for the old landowner Utyatin, portraying his serfs. For this, the landowner's heirs promise the peasants, after the death of the old master, to give them water meadows. But it turns out that even in this capacity, serfdom is destructive: unable to withstand the humiliation, the peasant Agap dies. After all, serfdom cripples not only physically, but also morally. With bitterness, Nekrasov shows the people of the "servant rank" existing among the people, to whom the people themselves treat with great contempt. The poet experiences even greater pain, talking about how the people drown their grief in wine:
Every peasant has a Soul like a black cloud - Wrathful, formidable - and it would be necessary for Thunders to thunder from there, To pour bloody rains, And everything ends with wine.
This thought runs through the entire chapter “Drunk Night”, it sounds further, but already here the appearance among the people of such people is shown who are able to soberly assess the situation of the people and try to find other ways to resist the hardships of life. After all, a sense of truth, justice, a sense of dignity are also inherent in the people's consciousness. This idea is reflected in vivid images poems like Yakim Nagoi and Yermil Girin. Together with them, the work includes the themes of the awakening of the people's consciousness, its desire for truth, the ability to stand up for a common cause with the whole world (the scene of buying a mill). The democrat poet saw that popular protest was limited, elemental, faith in the tsar-father remained unchanged. Only the people's intercessor Grisha Dobrosklonov was given the opportunity to fully understand the roots of all the people's troubles: "Get strong with everything with wine," - and therefore the final part of the poem is connected with the theme of people's intercessors, summing up the development of her artistic idea.
But in the previous parts of the poem, the poet says more than once that the people have an inherent desire for truth and beauty, creative forces are alive in it, a mighty spirit that allows, in spite of everything, with their work to create everything that the Russian land is proud of: material from the site
In slavery, the saved Heart is free - Gold, gold The heart of the people!
Of course, Nekrasov sees that the protest that is ripening among the people is spontaneous and inconsistent, and his aesthetic needs are still limited to popular prints, which Yakim Nagoi cherishes so much. But the poet dreams of that time
When the people are not Blucher And not my lord stupid, Belinsky and Gogol From the market will suffer.
It is not for nothing that the chapter “Village Fair” is of such importance in the poem, in which, in the atmosphere of a wide national holiday, a theatrical spectacle arises - a folk performance, a bala-gan with its inexhaustible humor, reckless fun, and sometimes, angry ridicule of the oppressors of the people. This festive, joyful, free element of folk life is felt even more in the last chapter, “A Feast for the Whole World,” which is entirely built on a folk song basis. All this shows that the main ideological basis of the poem is the author's belief that such a people is worthy of happiness, worthy of a better share that will be won back by them:
In moments of despondency, O Motherland! I am thinking ahead. You are still destined to suffer a lot, But you will not die, I know. Enough! Finished with the last calculation, Finished with the master! The Russian people are gathering strength And learning to be a citizen.
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The poem "Who is living well in Russia?" Nekrasov himself from the very beginning was estimated as the top creative way. In this monumental work, almost all the motives of the poet's lyrics sound; one can say that it was his testament to subsequent generations of Russian people. However, Nekrasov not only gives a description of all great Russia and reflects on its future. Like Gogol in his poem " Dead Souls", Nekrasov in "Who is it good to live in Russia?" pays special attention to the present situation of the people, notices and draws the attention of readers to the vices and shortcomings, pities the long-suffering people. The main goal of the author is to understand life common man, look into his soul. Therefore, "Who should live well in Russia?" - a truly folk epic poem. But what else does it show?
The very idea of the work, which becomes clear already from the title, speaks volumes. The author sets the goal of finding a happy person in all vast Russia, but in these searches, a picture of the everyday life of the entire Russian people appears before the reader. Therefore, the idea of the work can be called global.
Nekrasov decided that the genre of travel was most suitable for the realization of this idea. But unlike the author dead souls", Nekrasov made the main characters, through whose eyes we see the whole of Russia, not an official, but a whole group of truly folk heroes - peasants "from temporarily liable" who live in the "Empty volost, Terpigorev district." The main characters cannot be given an unambiguous assessment: on one side, it's quite real characters, which is emphasized by an indication of their social status, which really existed in post-reform Russia. On the other hand, the names of the volost and the county, obviously, are not only fictional, but also generalizing, that is, we already have half-fairy, half-epic characters before us. Epic motifs are especially noticeable at the beginning of the poem: the characters "converged at the crossroads and argued," then "put home not to toss and turn" until they find a happy person. The plot, apparently taken from folklore.
Nekrasov failed to realize his plan to the end, he died before he could finish the poem. But, although the work remained unfinished, all of Russia, all of its people, really appeared in it. Of course, the author wanted to show the life of literally all classes of Russia, from peasants to the tsar. It was possible to illuminate, in addition to the life of the peasants, the life of the clergy and landowners. It would seem that these two estates have always oppressed the working people, but the author is just; he does not idealize the priest and the landowner, but he does not scold them either. The descriptions of the life of these heroes harmoniously fit into the overall structure of the work, thanks to them the reader sees Russia through the eyes of other representatives of its people, because, for example, the landowner has his own tragedy: he understands that people are becoming smaller, patriarchal Russia is crumbling before our eyes, burying the bad under it, and good. In addition, with the help of the image of a landowner, the author introduces the theme of serfdom, expresses the idea that "the great chain broke: one end hit the gentleman, the other - the peasant."
A special place in the work is occupied by a generalized image of a peasant woman - Matrena Timofeevna. Nekrasov was always worried about the bitter fate of a Russian woman, and in his poem he pays much attention to describing the life of the "governor". Matryona knows how to find joy in her difficult life, but the author repeatedly emphasizes the horrors and hardships that Russian peasant women endure. The description of Matrena's fate ends with the statement that the peasants "have not started a business" - to look for happy women.
Separate typical representatives of the people are discussed both in the story "about Jacob the faithful, the exemplary serf", and in the descriptions of the "village fair". Again and again the motif of deprivation to which the common people are subjected resounds; Jacob's cruel revenge on his master, the soldier's story about the war - all this evokes in the reader not just sympathy and compassion, but outright pain for innocent people. The images of Vlas and Klim are also interesting, although they are, in general, opposed to each other, they have one misfortune - the tyranny that is happening in Russia is the misfortune of the whole people.
Along with generalized images, Nekrasov also describes groups of people. First of all, these are, of course, wahlaks.
Their game with the Last is in fact nothing more than a model of relations between peasants and landowners in the era of serfdom. FROM with caustic irony and with anger the author describes Utyatin's tyranny. This topic is being continued. The author specifically describes the life of the peasants before death and after. The sons of the deceased do not want to give up the promised meadows, it is emphasized that even after the abolition of serfdom, the landowners deceive the peasants, and, unfortunately, this also corresponded to the realities of the life of the people.
A depressing impression is made by the description of the life of the courtyards without a master in the part "Peasant Woman". Here, ordinary people are criticized, Nekrasov makes it clear that the people are still the blacksmith of their own happiness and are to blame for many of their troubles.
Gets a new sound epic theme when describing not quite real folk characters. This, of course, is Savely and Grisha Dobrosklonov. Saveliy is a representative of patriarchal Russia, a true "hero of the Holy Russian", which is emphasized in his portrait. Grisha is a new type of hero. It is not without reason that Nekrasov mentions Ivan Susanin in connection with Savely. The time of mighty heroes has passed, now it is the turn of smart and selfless fighters, ready to save the people not only from the invaders, but also from the oppressors.
Fate prepared for him
The path is glorious, the name is loud
Consumption and Siberia.
Grisha - new folk hero. Nekrasov puts his own ideas into his mouth, he becomes the bearer of the truth.
You are poor
You are abundant
Mother Russia!
Grisha is one of the few who looks to the future with hope, he is ready to fight for it, he believes in his homeland.
In the poem "Who is it good to live in Russia?" Nekrasov showed the whole life of the Russian people without embellishment. But this work could not be called a folk epic poem if the voice of the author himself did not sound in it.
Eat prison, Yasha,
There is no milk,
Where is our cow? -
Gone, my light.
Master for offspring
Took her home.
It's nice to live people
Saint in Russia!
The main idea of the whole work is expressed here: there is no happy person in all of Russia, grief reigns everywhere.
"Who is good to live in Russia?" is a mirror of the soul of Russia, N.A. Nekrasov continued the traditions of Radishchev and Gogol in the depiction of life ordinary people, brought out several interesting images which have become symbols of the Russian people.