The problem of indifference in the work of the hero of our time. Composition "Hero of our time". The central problem of the novel. Individualism is the main psychological nerve of Pechorin’s character (Based on the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov “A Hero of Our Time”) Pechorin is ambiguous

Pechorin is an ambiguous personality

The image of Pechorin in the novel "A Hero of Our Time" by Lermontov is an ambiguous image. It cannot be called positive, but it is not negative either. Many of his actions are worthy of condemnation, but it is also important to understand the motives of his behavior before making an assessment. The author called Pechorin a hero of his time, not because he recommended to be equal to him, and not because he wanted to ridicule him. He simply showed a portrait of a typical representative of that generation - an "extra person" - so that everyone could see what a social structure that disfigures the personality leads to.

Qualities of Pechorin

Knowledge of people

Can such a quality of Pechorin as an understanding of the psychology of people, the motives of their actions, be called bad? Another thing is that he uses it for other purposes. Instead of doing good, helping others, he plays with them, and these games, as a rule, end tragically. This was the end of the story with the mountain girl Bela, whom Pechorin persuaded her brother to steal. Having achieved the love of a freedom-loving girl, he lost interest in her, and soon Bela fell victim to the vengeful Kazbich.

Playing with Princess Mary also did not lead to anything good. Pechorin's intervention in her relationship with Grushnitsky resulted in broken heart princesses and death at the duel of Grushnitsky.

Ability to analyze

Pechorin demonstrates a brilliant ability to analyze in a conversation with Dr. Werner (chapter "Princess Mary"). He absolutely logically calculates that Princess Ligovskaya was interested in him, and not her daughter Mary. “You have a great gift for thinking,” Werner notes. However, this gift again does not find a worthy application. Pechorin, perhaps, could make scientific discoveries, but he was disappointed in the study of sciences, because he saw that no one needed knowledge in his society.

Independence from the opinions of others

The description of Pechorin in the novel "A Hero of Our Time" gives many a reason to accuse him of spiritual callousness. It would seem that he acted badly towards his old friend Maxim Maksimych. Upon learning that his colleague, with whom they ate more than one pood of salt together, stopped in the same city, Pechorin did not rush to meet him. Maksim Maksimych was very upset and offended by him. However, Pechorin is to blame, in fact, only for not living up to the old man's expectations. "Am I not the same?" - he reminded, nevertheless embracing Maxim Maksimych in a friendly way. Indeed, Pechorin never tries to portray himself as someone he is not, just to please others. He prefers to be rather than seem, always honest in the manifestation of his feelings, and from this point of view, his behavior deserves all approval. He also does not care what others say about him - Pechorin always does as he sees fit. In modern conditions, such qualities would be invaluable and would help him quickly achieve his goal, to fully realize himself.

Bravery

Courage and fearlessness are character traits due to which one could say “Pechorin is the hero of our time” without any ambiguity. They also appear on the hunt (Maxim Maksimych witnessed how Pechorin “went on a boar one on one”), and in a duel (he was not afraid to shoot with Grushnitsky on conditions that were obviously losing for him), and in a situation where it was necessary to pacify the raging drunken Cossack (chapter "Fatalist"). “... nothing will happen worse than death - and you can’t escape death,” Pechorin believes, and this conviction allows him to move forward more boldly. However, even the mortal danger that he faced daily in the Caucasian War did not help him cope with boredom: he quickly got used to the buzz of Chechen bullets. It's obvious that military service was not his vocation, and therefore Pechorin's brilliant abilities in this area did not find further application. He decided to travel in the hope of finding a remedy for boredom "through storms and bad roads."

pride

Pechorin cannot be called conceited, greedy for praise, but he is proud enough. He is very hurt if a woman does not consider him the best and prefers another. And he strives by all means, by any means, to win her attention. This happened in the situation with Princess Mary, who at first liked Grushnitsky. From the analysis of Pechorin, which he himself does in his journal, it follows that it was important for him not so much to achieve the love of this girl as to recapture her from a competitor. “I also confess that an unpleasant, but familiar feeling ran lightly at that moment through my heart; this feeling - it was envy ... it is unlikely that there will be a young man who, having met a pretty woman who riveted his idle attention and suddenly clearly distinguishes another, who is equally unfamiliar to her, I say, there is hardly such a young man (of course, who lived in high society and accustomed to indulge his vanity), who would not be unpleasantly struck by this.

Pechorin loves to achieve victory in everything. He managed to switch Mary's interest to his own person, make the proud Bela his mistress, get a secret date from Vera, and outplay Grushnitsky in a duel. If he had a worthy cause, this desire to be the first would allow him to achieve tremendous success. But he has to give vent to his leadership in such a strange and destructive way.

selfishness

In the essay on the topic “Pechorin - the hero of our time”, one cannot fail to mention such a trait of his character as selfishness. He does not really care about the feelings and fates of other people who have become hostages of his whims, for him only the satisfaction of his own needs matters. Pechorin did not even spare Vera, the only woman whom he believed he really loved. He put her reputation at risk by visiting her at night in the absence of her husband. A vivid illustration of his dismissive, selfish attitude is his beloved horse, driven by him, who did not manage to catch up with the carriage with the departed Vera. On the way to Essentuki, Pechorin saw that “instead of a saddle, two ravens were sitting on his back.” Moreover, Pechorin sometimes enjoys the suffering of others. He imagines how Mary, after his incomprehensible behavior, "will spend the night without sleep and will cry", and this thought gives him "immense pleasure". “There are moments when I understand the Vampire…” he admits.

Pechorin's behavior is the result of the influence of circumstances

But can this bad character trait be called innate? Is Pechorin flawed from the very beginning, or was the living conditions made him so? Here is what he himself told Princess Mary: “... such was my fate from childhood. Everyone read on my face signs of bad feelings, which were not there; but they were supposed - and they were born. I was modest - they accused me of slyness: I became secretive ... I was ready to love the whole world - no one understood me: and I learned to hate ... I spoke the truth - they did not believe me: I began to deceive ... I became a moral cripple.

Finding himself in an environment that does not correspond to his inner essence, Pechorin is forced to break himself, to become what he is not in reality. This is where this internal inconsistency comes from, which left its mark on his appearance. The author of the novel draws a portrait of Pechorin: laughter with unlaughing eyes, a daring and at the same time indifferently calm look, a straight frame, limp, like a Balzac young lady, when he sat down on a bench, and other "inconsistencies".

Pechorin himself realizes that he makes an ambiguous impression: “Some revere me worse, others better than I really am ... Some will say: he was a kind fellow, others a bastard. Both will be false." But the truth is that under the influence of external circumstances, his personality has undergone such complex and ugly deformations that it is no longer possible to separate the bad from the good, the real from the false.

In the novel A Hero of Our Time, the image of Pechorin is a moral, psychological portrait of a whole generation. How many of its representatives, having not found a response in the surrounding “soul to wonderful impulses”, were forced to adapt, become the same as everyone around, or die. The author of the novel, Mikhail Lermontov, whose life ended tragically and prematurely, was one of them.

Artwork test

The image of Pechorin based on the novel by Mikhail Lermontov 8220 A hero of our time 8221

Belinsky saw in Pechorin’s character “a transitional state of mind in which for a person everything old has been destroyed, but there is still no new, and in which a person is only the possibility of something real in the future and a perfect ghost in the present.”

The novel “A Hero of Our Time” became a continuation of the theme “ extra people". This theme became central in the novel in verse by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". Herzen called Pechorin Onegin's younger brother. In the preface to the novel, the author shows his attitude towards his hero.

Like Pushkin in "Eugene Onegin" ("I'm always glad to see the difference between Onegin and me") Lermontov ridiculed attempts to equate the novel's author and its protagonist. Lermontov did not consider Pechorin goodie from which to take an example.

The novel shows a young man suffering from his restlessness, in despair asking himself a painful question: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born? He has not the slightest inclination to follow the well-trodden path of secular young men. Pechorin is an officer. He serves, but is not served. Does not study music, does not study philosophy or military affairs. But we cannot but see that Pechorin is head and shoulders above the people around him, that he is smart, educated, talented, brave, energetic. We are repelled by Pechorin's indifference to people, his inability to true love, to friendship, his individualism and selfishness. But Pechorin captivates us with a thirst for life, a desire for the best, the ability to critically evaluate our actions. He is deeply unsympathetic to us by the "pathetic actions", the waste of his strength, by the actions by which he brings suffering to other people. But we see that he himself suffers deeply.

The character of Pechorin is complex and contradictory. The hero of the novel says about himself: “There are two people in me: one lives in the full sense of the word, the other thinks and judges him…”. What are the reasons for this dichotomy? “I spoke the truth - they did not believe me: I began to deceive; knowing well the light and springs of society, I became skilled in the science of life ... ”- admits Pechorin. He learned to be secretive, vindictive, bilious, ambitious, became, in his words, a moral cripple.

Pechorin is an egoist. Belinsky also called Pushkin's Onegin "a suffering egoist" and "an unwilling egoist." The same can be said about Pechorin. Pechorin is characterized by disappointment in life, pessimism. He experiences a constant split spirit. In the socio-political conditions of the 30s of the 19th century, Pechorin cannot find a use for himself. He is wasted on petty adventures, exposes his forehead to Chechen bullets, seeks oblivion in love. But all this is just a search for some way out, just an attempt to unwind. He is haunted by boredom and the consciousness that such a life is not worth living.

Throughout the novel, Pechorin shows himself as a person who is accustomed to looking at “the suffering, joys of others only in relation to himself” - as “food” that supports his spiritual strength, it is on this path that he seeks consolation from the boredom that haunts him, tries to fill the emptiness of your existence. And yet Pechorin is a richly gifted nature. He has an analytical mind, his assessments of people and their actions are very accurate; he has a critical attitude not only to others, but also to himself. His diary is nothing but self-disclosure.

He is endowed with a warm heart, able to feel deeply (Bela's death, a date with Vera) and experience a lot, although he tries to hide emotional experiences under the guise of indifference. Indifference, callousness - a mask of self-defense.

Pechorin is still a strong-willed, strong, active person, “life forces” are dormant in his chest, he is capable of action. But all his actions carry not a positive, but a negative charge, all his activities are aimed not at creation, but at destruction. In this Pechorin is similar to the hero of the poem "Demon". Indeed, in his appearance (especially at the beginning of the novel) there is something demonic, unsolved. In all the short stories that Lermontov combined in the novel, Pechorin appears before us as the destroyer of the lives and destinies of other people: because of him, the Circassian Bela is deprived of shelter and dies, Maxim Maksimovich is disappointed in friendship, Mary and Vera suffer, Grushnitsky dies from his hand, forced to leave home honest smugglers”, the young officer Vulich dies.

The image of Pechorin is the image of a complex, restless person who has not found himself; a person with great potential, but not able, nevertheless, to realize it. Lermontov himself emphasized that in the image of Pechorin, a portrait was given not of one person, but of an artistic type that absorbed the features of a whole generation of young people at the beginning of the century.

"A Hero of Our Time" is the central work of M. Lermontov. Pechorin - the hero of the first psychological novel in prose, which shows from the inside the life of the heart and the intense work of the mind modern man. The complexity of the character of the protagonist - Grigory Pechorin - is historically determined, just as his tragic fate, the confrontation of his feelings. If there is no place in the reality defined for him, he is “superfluous” in it. Hence the inconsistency between “the depth of nature and the pitifulness of actions”, since the debilitating feeling of emptiness, boredom and indifference pushes him to any collision with life, to any adventure. Any danger for him is a bait, he boldly goes to meet it. However, this does not cure him of boredom.

The historical reality and typicality of Pechorin is beyond doubt, but can historical reality alone explain Pechorin's constant boredom? Probably not. The main psychological "nerve" of the hero's character, the main internal spring of his motives and actions, his boredom is individualism. Indeed, throughout the novel, Pechorin reveals himself to us as a person who is accustomed to looking "at the suffering and joys of others only in relation to himself" and as "food" that supports his "spiritual strength." It is on this path that he seeks oblivion from the boredom that haunts him, it is with this “food” that he tries to fill the oppressive emptiness of his existence.

Pechorin himself admits that there are two people in him: one lives in the full sense of the word, the other thinks and judges him. We can clarify: one of the two people coexisting in Pechorin creates high ideals in his soul, the other is a skeptic, trying to denigrate them. And under the influence of this second Pechorin is revising his lofty ideas about glory and happiness. And then glory seems to him luck, and it seems that in order to achieve it, you only need to be dexterous, and he begins to see happiness in saturated pride.

He goes through life, essentially sacrificing nothing for others - even for those he loves. He loves only "for himself", "for his own pleasure." But it is precisely individualism, precisely this psychological dominant of Pechorin's character, that makes his boredom inescapable. Indeed, in order to feel involved in the world, life, one must acquire the ability to feel a kindred soul in the “other”. Wrong upbringing and life in a secular society did not allow the hero to rise to such a perception of life.

Maksim Maksimych, with all his bewilderment from an unexpected confession by instinct good man understands this, sympathizing with Pechorin, whose life "is becoming emptier day by day" and who "left only one means: to travel." Life is so burdensome to him that death seems to be a deliverance.

The novel "A Hero of Our Time" became a continuation of the theme of "superfluous people". This theme became central in A. S. Pushkin's novel in verse "Eugene Onegin". Herzen called Pechorin Onegin's younger brother. In the preface to the novel, the author shows his attitude towards his hero. Like Pushkin in "Eugene Onegin" ("I'm always glad to see the difference between Onegin and me"), Lermontov ridiculed attempts to equate the novel's author and its protagonist. Lermontov did not consider Pechorin a positive hero, from whom one should take an example. The author emphasized that in the image of Pechorin, a portrait is given not of one person, but of an artistic type that has absorbed the features of a whole generation of young people at the beginning of the century.

In Lermontov's novel A Hero of Our Time, a young man is shown suffering from his restlessness, in despair asking himself the painful question: "Why did I live? For what purpose was I born?" He does not have the slightest inclination to follow the beaten path of secular young people. Pechorin is an officer. He serves, but is not served. Pechorin does not study music, does not study philosophy or military affairs. But we cannot but see that Pechorin is head and shoulders above the people around him, that he is smart, educated, talented, brave, energetic. We are repelled by Pechorin's indifference to people, his inability to true love, to friendship, his individualism and egoism. But Pechorin captivates us with a thirst for life, a desire for the best, the ability to critically evaluate our actions. He is deeply unsympathetic to us by the “pathetic actions”, the waste of his strength, by the actions by which he brings suffering to other people.

But we see that he himself suffers deeply. The character of Pechorin is complex and contradictory. The hero of the novel says about himself: "There are two people in me: one lives in the full sense of the word, the other thinks and judges him ...". What are the reasons for this split? ”I told the truth - they did not believe me: I began to deceive; knowing well the light and springs of society, I became skilled in the science of life ... ”- admits Pechorin. He learned to be secretive, vindictive, bilious, ambitious, became, in his words, a moral cripple. Pechorin is an egoist. Belinsky also called Pushkin's Onegin "a suffering egoist" and "an unwitting egoist." The same can be said about Pechorin. Pechorin is characterized by disappointment in life, pessimism. He experiences a constant split spirit. In the socio-political conditions of the 30s of the 19th century, Pechorin cannot find a use for himself. He is wasted on petty adventures, exposes his forehead to Chechen bullets, seeks oblivion in love. But all this is just a search for some way out, just an attempt to unwind. He is haunted by boredom and the consciousness that such a life is not worth living. Throughout the novel, Pechorin shows himself as a person who is accustomed to looking at "the suffering, joys of others only in relation to himself" - as "food" that supports his spiritual strength, it is on this path that he seeks solace from the boredom that haunts him, tries to fill the emptiness of your existence. And yet Pechorin is a richly gifted nature. He has an analytical mind, his assessments of people and their actions are very accurate; he has a critical attitude not only to others, but also to himself. His diary is nothing but self-disclosure. He is endowed with a warm heart, able to feel deeply (Bela's death, a date with Vera) and experience a lot, although he tries to hide emotional experiences under the guise of indifference. Indifference, callousness - a mask of self-defense. Pechorin is still a strong-willed, strong, active person, “life forces” are dormant in his chest, he is capable of action. But all his actions carry not a positive, but a negative charge, all his activities are aimed not at creation, but at destruction. In this, Pechorin is similar to the hero of the poem "The Demon".

Indeed, in his appearance (especially at the beginning of the novel) there is something demonic, unsolved. In all the short stories that Lermontov combined in the novel, Pechorin appears before us as the destroyer of the lives and destinies of other people: because of him, the Circassian Bela is deprived of shelter and dies, Maxim Maksimovich is disappointed in friendship, Mary and Vera suffer, Grushnitsky dies from his hand, forced leave the home of "honest smugglers", a young officer Vulich dies. Belinsky saw in Pechorin's character "a transitional state of the spirit, in which for a person everything old has been destroyed, but there is still no new, and in which a person is only the possibility of something real in the future and a perfect ghost in the present."

Lermontov began writing the novel A Hero of Our Time in 1838. Two years later, the novel was published as a separate edition. Unlike his previous creations, Lermontov, creating the “Hero of Our Time”, no longer imagined life, but painted it as it really was. "A Hero of Our Time" is a novel about Russia, about the fate and tragedy of a Russian person.

Certainly, the main role in the novel - this is the role of Pechorin. From the description of Maxim Maksimovich, we learn about Pechorin this: “He was so new. He was a nice fellow, I dare to assure you; just a little weird. After all, for example, in the rain, in the cold all day hunting; everyone will get cold, tired - but nothing to him. And another time he sits in his room, the wind smells, he assures that he has caught a cold; the shutter will knock, he will shudder and turn pale; and with me he went to the boar one on one; it happened that you couldn’t get a word for whole hours, but sometimes, as soon as you start talking, you’ll tear your tummies with laughter ... Yes, with great oddities, and, probably, a rich man: how many different expensive little things he had ... " From here we learn about the duality of Pechorin's character, about his oddities. A little later we already see his portrait.

Pechorin was of medium height, slender, strong build. Quite a decent man, thirty years old. Despite his strong physique, he had "a small aristocratic hand." His gait was careless and lazy. He had a secret character. “His skin had a kind of feminine tenderness; blond hair, curly by nature, so picturesquely outlined his pale, noble forehead, on which, only after a long observation, traces of wrinkles could be noticed. Despite the light color of his hair, his mustache and beard were black. He had a slightly upturned nose, dazzling white teeth, and brown eyes. His eyes did not laugh when he laughed. Their brilliance was like that of "smooth steel", dazzling and cold. He was not very bad and had one of those "original physiognomies, which are especially liked by secular women."

Pechorin - "inner man". His personality is dominated by the romantic complex inherent in the heroes of Lermontov, dissatisfaction with reality, high anxiety and a hidden desire for a better life. Poeticizing these qualities of Pechorin, his sharp critical thought, rebellious will and ability to fight, revealing his tragically forced loneliness, Lermontov also notes sharply negative, frank manifestations of Pechorin's individualism, without separating them from the personality of the hero as a whole. Pechorin's selfish individualism is clearly expressed in the novel. The moral failure of Pechorin's behavior in relation to Bela, to Mary and to Maxim Maksimovich. Lermontov singles out the destructive processes taking place in Pechorin: his melancholy, fruitless throwing, crushing of interests. Comparing the "hero" of the Pechorin era with those who could not at all claim this title - with the "natural person" Bela and with " common man"Maxim Maksimovich, deprived of Pechorin's intellect and his vigilance, we see not only intellectual superiority, but also spiritual trouble and incompleteness of the main character. Pechorin's personality in its egoistic manifestations, arising primarily from the conditions of the era, is not exempt from its individual responsibility, the court of conscience.

Pechorin treats people cruelly. So, for example: first he kidnaps Bela and tries to please her. But when Bela falls in love with Pechorin, he leaves her. Even after the death of Bela, he does not change his face and laughs in response to the consolation of Maxim Maksimovich.

After a long separation, a cold meeting with Maxim Maksimovich, who considers Pechorin his best friend, and is very upset by this attitude towards himself.

With Princess Mary, he does almost the same - the same as with Bela. Just to have fun, he starts courting Mary. Seeing this, Grushnitsky challenges Pechorin to a duel, they shoot, and Pechorin kills Grushnitsky. After that, Mary confesses her love to Pechorin and asks to stay, but he coldly says: “I don’t love you.”

And the judgment, leading to retribution, is carried out on Pechorin, in which evil, breaking away in many respects from its “good” sources, destroys not only what it is directed at, but also his own personality, noble by nature and therefore unable to withstand its inner evil. Retribution falls on Pechorin from the people.

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Grigory Pechorin is the real “hero of our time” (and of any other), because the questions raised by the author are beyond any era. They were, are and will always arise as long as the human race is alive. What are the problems of the work "A Hero of Our Time"? We read and understand.

moral issues

Any work and fiction in general, they are designed not only to deliver an aesthetic experience, pleasure to the reader, but also to raise questions that are present in every person, to which we either do not have an unambiguous answer, or which we have never thought about at all. M.Yu. Lermontov is, one might say, an innovator of his era. He is the creator of the first novel in Russian literature with a deep philosophical content. “Why did I live, for what purpose was I born?” - this is the main question that the author asks himself and all of us through the mouth of the main character - Pechorin. It hears not only the questions “why”, “what for”, “for what”, but also other problems. The “hero of our time” is trying to understand who he is, what he consists of, what virtues and vices, whether love and friendship can save him from inevitable darkness ...

Philosophical reflections

We continue to talk on the topic "Hero of our time." The problems the novel raises are actually serious. What is Pechorin? Before us is a young man of twenty-five years old, an officer, an aristocrat, who stands out against the background of his contemporaries with his originality, sharp mind, subtle intuition, courage, endurance, huge force will. It would seem that these are all the components of a happy future. Such people are loved, adored and idolized. All doors are open to them. So it was, but it didn't happen. Why?

Every person has advantages and disadvantages. In everyone there is an irreconcilable struggle between good and evil. And it's natural. It is laid down by nature and God. But besides all this, there is also emptiness. It must be filled with either light or darkness, depending on which path we choose. Or it begins to grow and fill with itself every freed corner of the soul. This is exactly what happened to Pechorin. No matter what he undertook, no matter how far away he went, no matter whom his fate brought him together - this gaping emptiness, viscous senselessness, futility and aimlessness of existence followed him in everything.

M.Yu. Lermontov, "A Hero of Our Time": Problems of Love and Friendship

His active soul throughout the novel is looking for dangers, heroic deeds, sincere love and friendship. "Who seeks will always find". She also finds, but in an amazing, simply incomprehensible way, she destroys the creative principle inherent in these things. His love did not bring happiness to any of the women. He could not surrender to this feeling, he was not able to give at all, only to take, and even then superficially. In his soul, as if in a bottomless abyss, both vivid feelings and suffering disappeared without a trace. He did not get enough of them, and he did not try to get enough of them. He didn't care. tragic stories with Bela and Mary is a perfect confirmation of this.

The same thing happens in Pechorin's friendship with Dr. Werner. Believing that the relationship between two comrades should be reduced to only one thing: one is a slave, and the other is his master, he did not want to be either a slave or one who rules and rules. Both are boring and stupid. But simply, without any “buts”, it is impossible to let another into your world. Vicious circle.

Fatalism - the cause of the problem?

"A Hero of Our Time" is a novel not only about the questions of the meaning of life directly posed by the author. In the last story - "The Fatalist" - another topic emerges that haunts neither the main character nor all of humanity. Is the fate of a person predetermined, or is each new step along the road of life a personal choice? Pechorin is bold and prefers to solve this issue, like other problems. The "hero of our time", Pechorin, independently, from his own experience, checks the truth of this or that judgment. And here, unexpectedly, the fatalist turns to the reader with the other side of his essence. He disarms the drunken Cossack, who has already killed Vulich and is dangerous to those around him. He takes a deliberate risk, but for the first time not far-fetched, not out of "empty passions" and not in order to dispel boredom. And here the author does not give a definite answer. He, like his hero, believes that predestination, if it really exists, works miracles with a person, it makes him more active, bolder. And on the other hand, it turns a person - a higher creature, into a toy in the hands of fate, and this can neither offend nor humiliate.

In this article, we have covered the main problems. "A Hero of Our Time" is a book beyond all time, after reading which, everyone will surely find answers to their questions, which, perhaps, have not been considered today.

The main questions posed by the author in the novel

Any piece of art always a lot of trouble. The novel by M. Yu. Lermontov is no exception. The poet tries to answer timeless questions that concern people from era to era: what is the meaning of life for a person, happiness, good and evil, dignity and honor, what place does love and friendship take. The themes dictated by the time in which the author and his hero live are very important: the destiny of man, freedom of choice, individualism. All this defines the problematics of the "Hero of Our Time".

How can we, readers, determine the range of basic questions of a brilliant work, who from actors surely help us to identify them? Main character. In A Hero of Our Time, the problems of the novel are “highlighted” precisely in the character of Pechorin, at the same time reflecting both the personality of Lermontov himself and his worldview.

Philosophical problems in the novel "A Hero of Our Time"

"Why did I live? for what purpose was I born? - Pechorin asks this question and cannot find an answer. The vainness of existence burdens the hero, vegetation is not suitable young man who feels "in the soul of immense strength."

Trying to plunge into the fullness of life, Pechorin unwittingly becomes the culprit of the destruction of the destinies of various people. Bela dies, whose fate is broken for the sake of selfishness, the whim of Pechorin. Maxim Maksimych is offended by the callousness of his friend. "Honest smugglers" are forced to hide, the fate of the old woman and the blind man is unknown. “Yes, and what do I care about human joys and misfortunes! ..” - and in this exclamation Pechorin's individualism becomes especially understandable. We, the readers, follow how inventively tempts Grigory Mary, having no serious intentions, how he acts in relation to Grushnitsky, how he enjoys undivided power over Vera ...

“I weigh, analyze my own passions and actions with strict curiosity, but without participation. There are two people in me: one lives in the full sense of the word, the other thinks and judges him ... ”, - reading the lines of the magazine, we understand that individualism is a life program, the main driving force of Pechorin’s character, he is aware of what is happening . Yearning for the “high purpose”, which I could not “guess”, main character novel analyzes his actions, deeds, moods. “I look at the sufferings and joys of others only in relation to myself, as food that supports my spiritual strength.”

The problematics of the novel "A Hero of Our Time" includes the problem of predestination human destiny, and the question of the origins of the individualism of the Lermontov generation. Where does Pechorin's individualism originate?

In the bet proposed by Lieutenant Vulich, the question was decided, "can a person arbitrarily dispose of his life." Pechorin, who claims that "there is no predestination," involuntarily changes his mind after the shot - too "the evidence was striking."

But he immediately stops himself in this faith, remembering that he has "the rule not to reject anything decisively and not to trust anything blindly." And later, tempting fate and endangering life, he sneers at human beliefs. And, as if challenging blind beliefs that deprive a person of freedom, true, inner freedom, he clearly indicates his true worldview: I know what awaits me…”

The meaning of life, the purpose of man, freedom of choice, individualism - these philosophical problems in the novel "A Hero of Our Time" were for the first time so clearly and accurately formulated by the poet, it is for this reason that Lermontov's work became the first philosophical novel of Russian literature of the 19th century.

The problem of happiness in "A Hero of Our Time"

Pechorin's whole life is in search of a clue to human happiness. With interest, he conducts a conversation with an undine singing his wonderful song, but the ease of relating to happiness is not for Pechorin. “Where it is sung, there one is happy”, “where it will not be better, it will be worse there, and again it is not far from bad to good”, - Gregory does not accept such a philosophy.

“What is happiness? Saturated pride,” he writes in the magazine. It would seem that the hero has everything to satiate his pride: they obey his will and love the people with whom fate brings. Faith loves faithfully, Mary is captivated by his charm and perseverance, is happy to be friends with Grigory Werner, Maxim Maksimych is attached to Pechorin, like a son.

Faced with completely different characters, Pechorin continuously tries to satiate his pride, but there is no happiness, instead of him time after time comes boredom and fatigue from life.

Among philosophical problems, the problem of happiness in A Hero of Our Time occupies an important place.

Moral problems in the novel "A Hero of Our Time"

Not only philosophical, but also moral problems in the novel "A Hero of Our Time" are very significant. Lermontov writes “The History of the Human Soul”, therefore, on the pages of the work, we observe how Pechorin solves for himself the issues of good and evil, freedom of choice, responsibility, as he reflects on the possibility and place in his own life of love and friendship.

The love that Gregory longs for and strives for is incomprehensible to him. His love “brought happiness to no one”, because he loved “for his own pleasure”, simply absorbing the feelings and sufferings of people, not being saturated with them and giving nothing in return. Stories with Bela and Mary are a vivid confirmation of this.

Analyzing the ability for friendship, Pechorin concludes that he is “incapable of it either: of two friends, one is always the slave of the other,” he does not know how to be a slave, and considers managing others to be tedious work that requires deception. Having become a friend with Dr. Werner, Pechorin will never be able or will not want to let him into his inner world- doesn't trust anyone.

In the soul of the protagonist, only fatigue, in his opinion, exhausted and “the heat of the soul, and the constancy of will necessary for real life; I entered this life, having already experienced it mentally, and I became bored and disgusted.

The modernity of the problems of the novel

We, the readers, do not accept much in the character of Pechorin, we simply cannot understand even more. It makes no sense to accuse the hero of selfishness and individualism, that he wasted his life on empty passions and whims. Yes, the main character is like that, but is it an accident or the author's intention?

It is worth re-reading the preface of Lermontov himself to the novel, and finding the lines: “Enough people were fed with sweets ... bitter medicines, caustic truths are needed.” Pechorin is sincere in his skepticism, he does not put himself above everyone else, but genuinely suffers from the fact that he sees no way out, cannot find the ideal. He looked so deeply and explored his own soul that he does not feed on illusions, but courageously sees himself as he is. But without this, development and progress are impossible. Being a man of his time, he reflects the path that his generation had to take - to discard romantic illusions, insincere ideals, to learn a sober look at reality and himself, so that future generations can go further, seeing ideals and goals.

“You will tell me again that a person cannot be so bad, but I will tell you that if you believed the possibility of the existence of all tragic and romantic villains, why do you not believe in the reality of Pechorin? more truth than you would like?" Here it is, bitter medicine - Pechorin, whose worldview turns out to be a cleansing step into the future. The poet is right, morality wins from "caustic truths".

Philosophical and moral - these are the main problems raised in the "Hero of Our Time". They make us, readers, think about our own purpose in life, about the complex relationship between the world and man, they make this work alive, modern in any time and era.

Artwork test

What philosophical problems are posed in the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"

In the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" raises various philosophical questions.

First, the problem of interaction between man and nature. As always, Lermontov's nature here is a good, fertile beginning, it is healing for the hero's tormented soul. Pechorin in the novel is able to subtly feel and understand nature. Let's remember how he admires the summer morning before the duel. In his diary, he lovingly describes the landscape that opens from the windows of his apartment in Pyatigorsk.

At the same time, the hero is a man of "culture", "civilization", and in this sense he is opposed to "natural" people - mountaineers, Bela, Azamat; smugglers and undines. Thus, the author covers this conflict in the traditional literary way.

Another problem that is acute in the novel is the problem of the meaning of life. Pechorin in Lermontov painfully tries to guess his own destiny. Human strong will and great opportunities, he strives for active life. Dissatisfied with his aimless existence, passionately longing for an ideal, but not finding it, he asks: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born? ... And, it is true, it existed, and, it is true, I had a high purpose, because I feel immense powers in my soul; but I did not guess the destination, I was carried away by the lures of empty and ungrateful passions; from their furnace I came out hard and cold as iron, but I have lost forever the ardor of noble aspirations, the best color of life. "Born for a high purpose", he is forced to live in languid inactivity or waste his strength on deeds unworthy of a real person. Instead of active, meaningful activity, Pechorin is busy with secular intrigues.

Great importance is attached in the novel to the concepts of "happiness", "friendship", "love". The author reveals to us the view of his hero on these categories. However, Pechorin understands these concepts distortedly. Happiness, according to him, is "saturated pride." He perceives the sufferings and joys of others “only in relation to himself” as food that supports his spiritual strength. Pechorin's life is "boring and disgusting." Doubts devastated him to the point that he had only two convictions left: birth is a misfortune, and death is inevitable. The feeling of love and the need for friendship in the representation of Pechorin have long lost their value. “Of two friends, one is always the slave of the other,” he says. Love for the hero is satisfied ambition, "sweet food ... pride." “To arouse in oneself a feeling of love, devotion and fear - is this not the first sign and triumph of power?” Pechorin writes in his diary. So, simple human feelings and relationships - love, friendship - are inaccessible to the hero.

Many philosophical problems are covered by the author in Pechorin's diary. Lermontov uses here epithets (“immense pleasure”, “sweet food”, “frantic impulses”), metaphors (“the soul, suffering and enjoying, gives a strict account of itself”, “my heart turns to stone”), rhetorical questions ( “Sometimes I despise myself… isn’t that why I despise others too?”).

The most important philosophical problem of the novel is the problem of fate, fate and free will of man. This topic is devoted to the story that ends the novel - "The Fatalist". On the example of the history of Vulich, we see the significance of fate, fate, dominating a person. But Pechorin, having disarmed the murderer of Vulich, here, by his own example, asserts the significance of a person's personal will.

This philosophical story is of great ideological and compositional significance. Finishing the novel on this note, M.Yu. Lermontov gives it a life-affirming, optimistic sound (the hero, who died on the way from Persia, here defeats fate itself). At the same time, there is an underlying authorial motive here - a call for a person to an active, active life. And in this - author's position M.Yu. Lermontov.

Arguments for the final essay in the areas: "Indifference and responsiveness", "Purpose and means". M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time". Part 3 Indifference and responsiveness.

Why is indifference dangerous?

Indifference is a feeling that can manifest itself not only in relation to other people, but also to life in general. , the central character of the novel "A Hero of Our Time", is shown by M.Yu. Lermontov as a person who does not see the joys of life. He is bored all the time, he quickly loses interest in people and places, so the main goal of his life is the search for "adventure". His life is an endless attempt to feel at least something. According to the famous literary critic Belinsky, Pechorin "furiously pursues life, looking for it everywhere." His indifference reaches the point of absurdity, turning into indifference to himself. According to Pechorin himself, his life "is becoming emptier day by day." He sacrifices his life in vain, embarks on adventures that do no good to anyone. On the example of this hero, one can see that indifference spreads in the soul of a person, like a dangerous disease. It leads to sad consequences and broken destinies of both those around and the most indifferent person. An indifferent person cannot be happy, because his heart is not capable of loving people.

Purpose and means.

What means can not be used to achieve the goal?

Sometimes, in order to achieve their goals, people forget about the means that they choose on the way to what they want. So, one of the characters in the novel "A Hero of Our Time" Azamat wanted to get a horse that belonged to Kazbich. He was ready to offer everything that he had and what he did not own. The desire to get Karagoz won over all the feelings that were in him. Azamat, in order to achieve his goal, betrayed his family: he sold his sister to get what he wanted, fled from home, fearing punishment. His betrayal resulted in the death of his father and sister. Azamat, despite the consequences, destroyed everything that was dear to him in order to get what he so passionately desired. On his example, you can see that not all means are good for achieving the goal.

The ratio of ends and means.

The ratio of goals and means can be found on the pages of M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time". Trying to achieve the goal, people sometimes do not understand that not all means will help them in this. One of the characters in the novel A Hero of Our Time, Grushnitsky, longed to be recognized. He sincerely believed that the position and money would help him in this. In the service, he was looking for a promotion, believing that this would solve his problems, attract the girl he was in love with. His dreams were not destined to come true, because true respect and recognition are not connected with money. The girl he sought preferred another, because love has nothing to do with social recognition and status.

What are false goals??

When a person sets false goals for himself, their achievement does not bring satisfaction. The central character of the novel A Hero of Our Time, Pechorin, set various goals for himself all his life, hoping that their achievement would bring him joy. He falls in love with the women he likes. Using all means, he wins their hearts, but later loses interest. So, becoming interested in Bela, he decides to steal her, and then achieve the location of a wild Circassian. However, having reached the goal, Pechorin begins to get bored, her love does not bring him happiness. In the chapter "Taman" he meets a strange girl and a blind boy who are involved in smuggling. In an effort to find out their secret, he does not sleep for days and watches them. His excitement is fueled by a sense of danger, but on the way to achieving the goal, he changes people's lives. Being exposed, the girl is forced to flee and leave the blind boy and the elderly woman to fend for themselves. Pechorin does not set true goals for himself, he only strives to dispel boredom, which not only leads him to disappointment, but also breaks the fate of people who are on his way.

The image of Pechorin, depicted by Mikhail Lermontov, is, first of all, the personality of a young man who suffers from his restlessness and is constantly captivated by questions: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born?

What is he, the hero of the XIX century?

Pechorin is not at all like his peers, he does not have a drop of desire to move along the beaten path secular youth that time. The young officer serves, but does not seek to curry favor. He is not fond of music, philosophy, does not want to go into the intricacies of studying the military craft. But it immediately becomes clear to the reader that the image of Pechorin is the image of a person who is head and shoulders above the people around him. He is smart enough, educated and talented, distinguished by energy and courage. Nevertheless, Pechorin's indifference to other people, the selfishness of his nature, the inability to empathize, friendship and love are repulsive. The controversial image of Pechorin is complemented by his other qualities: the thirst to live to the fullest, the ability to critically evaluate his actions, the desire for the best. The "pity of actions" of the character, the senseless waste of strength, his actions that hurt others - all this puts the hero in a bad light. However, at the same time, the officer himself is experiencing deep suffering.

The complexity and inconsistency of the protagonist of the famous novel is especially vividly represented by his words that two people live in it at the same time: one of them lives in the full sense of the word, and the second one thinks and judges the actions of the first one. It also tells about the reasons that laid the foundation for this “splitness”: “I told the truth - they didn’t believe me: I began to deceive ...” A young and hopeful young man in just a couple of years turned into a callous, vindictive, bilious and ambitious person; as he himself put it - "a moral cripple." The image of Pechorin in the novel “A Hero of Our Time” echoes the image of Onegin created by A. S. Pushkin: he is an “egoist involuntarily”, disappointed in life, prone to pessimism, experiencing constant internal conflict.

30s XIX century did not allow Pechorin to find and reveal himself. He repeatedly makes attempts to forget himself in petty adventures, love, exposes himself to the bullets of the Chechens ... However, all this does not bring him the desired relief and remains only an attempt to distract himself.

Nevertheless, the image of Pechorin is the image of a richly gifted nature. After all, he has a sharp analytical mind, he extraordinarily accurately evaluates people and the actions that they perform. He developed a critical attitude not only towards others, but also towards himself. In his diary, the officer exposes himself: a warm heart is beating in his chest, able to deeply feel (the death of Bela, a meeting with Vera) and experience extremely strongly, although it is hidden under the mask of indifference. However, this indifference is nothing more than self-defense.

“A Hero of Our Time”, the image of Pechorin in which is the basis of the story, allows you to see the same person from completely different sides, look into different corners of her soul. Simultaneously with all of the above in the guise of an officer, we see a strong-willed, strong and active person in whom "life forces" are dormant. He is ready to act. Unfortunately, almost all of his actions end up hurting both Pechorin himself and those around him, his activities are not constructive, but destructive.

The image of Pechorin strongly resonates with Lermontov's "Demon", especially at the beginning of the novel, when something demonic, unsolved remains in the hero. The young man, by the will of fate, becomes the destroyer of other people's lives: it is he who is guilty of the death of Bela, that Maxim Maksimovich was completely disappointed in friendship, of how much Vera and Mary suffered. Grushnitsky, in turn, dies at the hands of Pechorin. Pechorin played a role in how another young officer, Vulich, died, and also in how "honest smugglers" were forced to leave their homes.

Conclusion

Pechorin is a person who no longer has a past and there is only hope for something better in the future. In the present, he remains a perfect ghost - this is how this controversial image Belinsky.