Turgenev's first published work. Biography of Turgenev. The last years of the life of I. S. Turgenev

Biography and episodes of life Ivan Turgenev. When born and died Ivan Turgenev, memorable places and dates of important events in his life. writer quotes, images and videos.

Years of life of Ivan Turgenev:

born October 28, 1818, died August 22, 1883

Epitaph

“The days are gone. And now ten years
It's been a while since death bowed to you.
But there is no death for your creatures,
The crowd of your visions, O poet,
Illuminated with immortality forever.
Konstantin Balmont, from the poem "In Memory of I. S. Turgenev"

Biography

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was not only one of the greatest Russian writers who literally became classics during his lifetime domestic literature. He also became the most famous Russian writer in Europe. Turgenev was respected and revered by such great people as Maupassant, Zola, Galsworthy, he lived abroad for a long time and was a kind of symbol, the quintessence of the best features that distinguished the Russian nobleman. Moreover, Turgenev's literary talent put him on the same level as the greatest writers Europe.

Turgenev was the heir to a wealthy noble family (through his mother) and therefore never needed funds. Young Turgenev studied at St. Petersburg University, then went to complete his education in Berlin. Future Writer was impressed by the European way of life and upset by the striking contrast with Russian reality. Since then, Turgenev lived abroad for a long time, returning to St. Petersburg only on short visits.

Ivan Sergeevich tried himself in poetry, which, however, did not seem good enough to his contemporaries. But as an excellent writer and a true master of the word, Russia learned about Turgenev after the publication of fragments of his Notes of a Hunter in Sovremennik. During this period, Turgenev decided that it was his duty to fight serfdom, and therefore he went abroad again, because he could not "breathe the same air, stay close to what he hated."

Portrait of I. Turgenev by Repin, 1879

Returning to Russia in 1850, Turgenev wrote an obituary for N. Gogol, which caused extreme dissatisfaction with the censors: the writer was sent to his native village, forbidding him to live in the capitals for two years. It was during this period, in the village, that the famous story "Mumu" was written.

After complication of relations with the authorities, Turgenev moved to Baden-Baden, where he quickly entered the circle of the European intellectual elite. He communicated with the greatest minds of that time: George Sand, Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, Victor Hugo, Prosper Merimee, Anatole France. By the end of his life, Turgenev became an unconditional idol both at home and in Europe, where he continued to live permanently.

Ivan Turgenev died in the suburbs of Paris, Bougival, after several years of painful illness. Only after the death of the doctor S.P. Botkin was discovered true reason death - myxosarcoma (cancer of the spine). Before the funeral of the writer in Paris, events were held, which were attended by more than four hundred people.

Ivan Turgenev, photograph, 1960s

life line

October 28, 1818 Date of birth of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev.
1833 Admission to the verbal faculty of Moscow University.
1834 Moving to St. Petersburg and transfer to the Faculty of Philosophy of St. Petersburg University.
1836 Turgenev's first publication in the Journal of the Ministry of National Education.
1838 Arriving in Berlin and studying at the University of Berlin.
1842 Obtaining a master's degree in Greek and Latin philology at St. Petersburg University.
1843 Publication of the first poem "Parash", highly appreciated by Belinsky.
1847 Work in the Sovremennik magazine together with Nekrasov and Annenkov. Publication of the story "Khor and Kalinich". Departure abroad.
1850 Return to Russia. Link to his native village of Spasskoe-Lutovinovo.
1852 The release of the book "Notes of a hunter".
1856 Rudin is published in Sovremennik.
1859 The Sovremennik published " Noble Nest».
1860"On the Eve" is published in "Russkiy vestnik". Turgenev becomes a corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences.
1862 The Russkiy Vestnik publishes Fathers and Sons.
1863 Moving to Baden-Baden.
1879 Turgenev receives an honorary doctorate from Oxford University.
August 22, 1883 Date of Ivan Turgenev's death.
August 27, 1883 Turgenev's body was transported to St. Petersburg and buried at the Volkovskoye cemetery.

Memorable places

1. House number 11 on the street. Turgenev in Orel, the city where Turgenev was born; now - the museum of the writer.
2. Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, where Turgenev's estate was located, now it is a house-museum.
3. House number 37/7, building 1 on the street. Ostozhenka in Moscow, where Turgenev lived with his mother from 1840 to 1850, visiting Moscow. Now - the house-museum of Turgenev.
4. House number 38 on the embankment. Fontanka River in St. Petersburg (Stepanov's tenement house), where Turgenev lived in 1854-1856.
5. House number 13 on Bolshaya Konyushennaya Street in St. Petersburg (Weber's tenement house), where Turgenev lived in 1858-1860.
6. House number 6 on Bolshaya Morskaya Street in St. Petersburg (formerly the France Hotel), where Turgenev lived in 1864-1867.
7. Baden-Baden, where Turgenev lived for a total of about 10 years.
8. House number 16 on the embankment. Turgenev in Bougival (Paris), where Turgenev lived for many years and died; now - the house-museum of the writer.
9. Volkovskoye cemetery in St. Petersburg, where Turgenev is buried.

Episodes of life

There were many hobbies in Turgenev's life, and often they were reflected in his work. So, one of the first ended with the appearance in 1842 of an illegitimate daughter, whom Turgenev officially recognized in 1857. But the most famous (and most dubious) episode in Turgenev’s personal life, who never got his own family, was his relationship with the actress Polina Viardot and his life with the Viardots in Europe for many years.

Ivan Turgenev was one of the most passionate hunters in Russia of his time. When meeting Pauline Viardot, he was recommended to the actress as "a glorious hunter and a bad poet."

Living abroad, since 1874, Turgenev participated in the so-called bachelor's "dinners of five" - ​​monthly meetings with Flaubert, Edmond Goncourt, Daudet and Zola in Parisian restaurants or at writers' apartments.

Turgenev became one of the highest paid writers in the country, which caused rejection and envy among many - in particular, F. M. Dostoevsky. The latter considered unfair such high fees in the already excellent state of Turgenev, which he inherited after the death of his mother.

Testaments

“In days of doubt, in days of painful reflections about the fate of my homeland, you are my only support and support, oh great, powerful, truthful and free Russian language! .. Without you, how not to fall into despair at the sight of everything that happens at home . But it is impossible to believe that such a language was not given to a great people!”

“Our life does not depend on us; but we all have one anchor from which, if you don’t want to, you will never break: a sense of duty.

“Whatever a person prays for, he prays for a miracle. Every prayer boils down to the following: “Great God, make sure that twice two is not four!”

“If you wait for the minute when everything, absolutely everything is ready, you will never have to start.”

Documentary-journalistic film “Turgenev and Viardot. More than love"

condolences

“And yet it hurts ... I owe too much Russian society this man in order to deal with his death with simple objectivity.
Nikolai Mikhailovsky, critic, literary critic and populist theorist

“Turgenev was also in his spirit a native Russian person. Didn't he possess the genius of the Russian language with the impeccable perfection, accessible besides him, perhaps only to Pushkin?
Dmitry Merezhkovsky, writer and critic

"If now the English novel has some manners and grace, then it is primarily due to Turgenev for this."
John Galsworthy, English novelist and playwright

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born on October 28 (November 9), 1818 in the city of Orel. His family, both maternal and paternal, belonged to the noble class.

The first education in Turgenev's biography was received at the Spassky-Lutovinovo estate. The boy was taught to read and write by German and French teachers. Since 1827 the family moved to Moscow. Then Turgenev's training took place in private boarding schools in Moscow, after which - at Moscow University. Without graduating from it, Turgenev transferred to the philosophical faculty of St. Petersburg University. He also studied abroad, after which he traveled around Europe.

The beginning of the literary path

Studying in the third year of the institute, in 1834 Turgenev wrote his first poem called "The Wall". And in 1838, his first two poems were published: "Evening" and "To the Venus of Medicius."

In 1841, having returned to Russia, he was engaged in scientific activities, wrote a dissertation and received a master's degree in philology. Then, when the craving for science cooled down, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev served as an official in the Ministry of the Interior until 1844.

In 1843, Turgenev met Belinsky, they struck up friendly relations. Under the influence of Belinsky, new poems by Turgenev, poems, stories are created, printed, among which are: Parasha, Pop, Breter and Three Portraits.

The heyday of creativity

To others famous works the writer can be attributed: the novels "Smoke" (1867) and "Nov" (1877), novels and stories "The Diary of a Superfluous Man" (1849), "Bezhin Meadow" (1851), "Asya" (1858), "Spring Waters" (1872) and many others.

In the autumn of 1855, Turgenev met Leo Tolstoy, who soon published the story "Cutting the Forest" with a dedication to I. S. Turgenev.

Last years

Since 1863 he went to Germany, where he met with outstanding writers Western Europe, promotes Russian literature. He works as an editor and consultant, he is engaged in translations from Russian into German and French and vice versa. He becomes the most popular and read Russian writer in Europe. And in 1879 he received an honorary doctorate from Oxford University.

It was thanks to the efforts of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev that the the best works Pushkin, Gogol, Lermontov, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy.

It is worth noting briefly that in the biography of Ivan Turgenev in the late 1870s and early 1880s, his popularity rapidly increased, both at home and abroad. And critics began to classify him as best writers century.

Since 1882, the writer began to be overcome by diseases: gout, angina pectoris, neuralgia. As a result of a painful illness (sarcoma), he dies on August 22 (September 3), 1883 in Bougival (a suburb of Paris). His body was brought to St. Petersburg and buried at the Volkovsky cemetery.

Chronological table

Other biography options

• In his youth, Turgenev was frivolous, spending a lot of his parents' money on entertainment. For this, his mother once taught a lesson, sending bricks instead of money in a parcel.
• The personal life of the writer was not very successful. He had many novels, but none of them ended in marriage. The greatest love of his life was Opera singer Pauline Viardot. For 38 years Turgenev knew her and her husband Louis. For their family, he traveled all over the world, lived with them in different countries. Louis Viardot and Ivan Turgenev died in the same year.
• Turgenev was a clean man, neatly dressed. The writer liked to work in cleanliness and order - without this he never began to create.
• see all

Literary critics argue that the artistic system created by the classic changed the poetics of the second novel. half of XIX century. Ivan Turgenev was the first to feel the emergence of a “new man” - a man of the sixties - and showed him in his essay “Fathers and Sons”. Thanks to the realist writer, the term "nihilist" was born in the Russian language. Ivan Sergeevich introduced the image of a compatriot, which received the definition of "Turgenev's girl", into use.

Childhood and youth

One of the pillars of classical Russian literature was born in Orel, in an old noble family. Ivan Sergeyevich spent his childhood in his mother's estate, Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, not far from Mtsensk. He became the second son of three born to Varvara Lutovinova and Sergei Turgenev.

Family life parents did not work out. The father, who had spent his fortune as a handsome cavalry guard, according to calculation, married not a beauty, but a wealthy girl Varvara, who was 6 years older than him. When Ivan Turgenev turned 12, his father left the family, leaving three children in the care of his wife. After 4 years, Sergei Nikolaevich died. Died shortly after of epilepsy younger son Sergei.

Nikolai and Ivan had a hard time - the mother had a despotic character. A smart and educated woman drank a lot of grief in her childhood and youth. Varvara Lutovinova's father died when her daughter was a child. Mother, an absurd and despotic lady, whose image readers saw in Turgenev's story "Death", remarried. The stepfather drank and did not hesitate to beat and humiliate his stepdaughter. Not in the best way treated her daughter and mother. Because of the cruelty of her mother and the beatings of her stepfather, the girl fled to her uncle, who left her niece after her death a legacy of 5,000 serfs.

The mother, who did not know affection in childhood, although she loved children, especially Vanya, treated them in the same way as her parents treated her in childhood - the sons forever remembered mother's heavy hand. Despite her absurd disposition, Varvara Petrovna was an educated woman. She spoke exclusively in French with her family, demanding the same from Ivan and Nikolai. Spasskoye kept a rich library, consisting mainly of French books.

Ivan Turgenev at the age of 7

When Ivan Turgenev turned 9, the family moved to the capital, to a house on Neglinka. Mom read a lot and instilled in her children a love of literature. Preferring French writers, Lutovinova-Turgeneva followed literary novelties, was friends with Mikhail Zagoskin. Varvara Petrovna thoroughly knew creativity, and quoted them in correspondence with her son.

Ivan Turgenev was educated by tutors from Germany and France, on whom the landowner spared no expense. The wealth of Russian literature was discovered to the future writer by the serf valet Fyodor Lobanov, who became the prototype of the hero of the story "Punin and Baburin".

After moving to Moscow, Ivan Turgenev was assigned to the Ivan Krause boarding school. At home and in private boarding schools, the young gentleman completed a high school course, at the age of 15 he became a student at the capital's university. At the Faculty of Literature, Ivan Turgenev studied a course, then transferred to St. Petersburg, where he received a university education at the Faculty of History and Philosophy.

In his student years, Turgenev translated poetry and lord and dreamed of becoming a poet.

Having received a diploma in 1838, Ivan Turgenev continued his education in Germany. In Berlin, he attended a course of university lectures on philosophy and philology, and wrote poetry. After the Christmas holidays in Russia, Turgenev went to Italy for six months, from where he returned to Berlin.

In the spring of 1841, Ivan Turgenev arrived in Russia and a year later passed the exams, receiving a master's degree in philosophy from St. Petersburg University. In 1843, he entered the Ministry of the Interior, but the love of writing and literature outweighed.

Literature

Ivan Turgenev first appeared in print in 1836, publishing a review of Andrey Muravyov's book Journey to Holy Places. A year later, he wrote and published the poems "Calm at Sea", "Phantasmagoria in moonlit night" and dream".

Fame came in 1843, when Ivan Sergeevich composed the poem "Parasha", approved by Vissarion Belinsky. Soon Turgenev and Belinsky became close so that the young writer became the godfather of the son of a famous critic. Rapprochement with Belinsky and Nikolai Nekrasov influenced creative biography Ivan Turgenev: the writer finally said goodbye to the genre of romanticism, which became apparent after the publication of the poem "The Landowner" and the stories "Andrey Kolosov", "Three Portraits" and "Breter".

Ivan Turgenev returned to Russia in 1850. He lived either in the family estate, then in Moscow, then in St. Petersburg, where he wrote plays that were successfully staged in the theaters of the two capitals.

In 1852, Nikolai Gogol died. Ivan Turgenev responded to the tragic event with an obituary, but in St. Petersburg, at the behest of the chairman of the censorship committee, Alexei Musin-Pushkin, they refused to publish it. The Moskovskie Vedomosti newspaper dared to publish Turgenev's note. The censor did not forgive disobedience. Musin-Pushkin called Gogol a "lackey writer" not worthy of mention in society, and besides, he saw in the obituary a hint of a violation of an unspoken ban - not to recall Alexander Pushkin and those who died in a duel in the open press.

The censor wrote a report to the emperor. Ivan Sergeevich, who was under suspicion due to frequent trips abroad, communication with Belinsky and Herzen, radical views on serfdom, incurred even greater wrath of the authorities.

Ivan Turgenev with colleagues from Sovremennik

In April of the same year, the writer was taken into custody for a month, and then sent under house arrest on the estate. For a year and a half, Ivan Turgenev stayed in Spassky without a break, for 3 years he did not have the right to leave the country.

Turgenev's fears about the censorship ban on the release of the Hunter's Notes as a separate book did not materialize: a collection of short stories, previously published in Sovremennik, was published. For allowing the book to be printed, the official Vladimir Lvov, who served in the censorship department, was fired. The cycle includes the stories "Bezhin Meadow", "Biryuk", "Singers", "County Doctor". Separately, the novels did not pose a danger, but, taken together, they were anti-serfdom in nature.

Collection of stories by Ivan Turgenev "Notes of a hunter"

Ivan Turgenev wrote for both adults and children. For young readers, the prose writer presented fairy tales and observational stories "Sparrow", "Dog" and "Doves", written in rich language.

In rural solitude, the classic wrote the story “Mumu”, as well as the novels “The Noble Nest”, “On the Eve”, “Fathers and Sons”, “Smoke”, which became an event in the cultural life of Russia.

Ivan Turgenev went abroad in the summer of 1856. In winter, in Paris, he completed the gloomy story "A Trip to Polissya". In Germany in 1857 he wrote "Asya" - a story translated during the life of the writer into European languages. Critics consider Turgenev's daughter Polina Brewer and illegitimate half-sister Varvara Zhitova to be the prototype of Asya, the daughter of a master and a peasant woman born out of wedlock.

Ivan Turgenev's novel "Rudin"

Abroad, Ivan Turgenev closely followed the cultural life of Russia, corresponded with writers who remained in the country, and communicated with emigrants. Colleagues considered the prose writer a controversial personality. After an ideological disagreement with the editors of Sovremennik, which became the mouthpiece of revolutionary democracy, Turgenev broke with the magazine. But, having learned about the temporary ban on Sovremennik, he spoke out in his defense.

During his life in the West, Ivan Sergeevich entered into long conflicts with Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoevsky and Nikolai Nekrasov. After the release of the novel Fathers and Sons, he quarreled with the literary community, which was called progressive.

Ivan Turgenev was the first Russian writer to receive recognition in Europe as a novelist. In France, he became close to the realist writers, the Goncourt brothers, and Gustave Flaubert, who became his close friend.

In the spring of 1879, Turgenev arrived in St. Petersburg, where the youth met him as an idol. The authorities did not share the enthusiasm for the visit of the famous writer, letting Ivan Sergeevich understand that a long stay of a writer in the city was undesirable.

In the summer of the same year, Ivan Turgenev visited Britain - at Oxford University, the Russian prose writer was given the title of an honorary doctor.

The penultimate time Turgenev came to Russia in 1880. In Moscow, he attended the opening of a monument to Alexander Pushkin, whom he considered a great teacher. The classic called the Russian language support and support "in the days of painful thoughts" about the fate of the motherland.

Personal life

Heinrich Heine compared the femme fatale, who became the love of the writer's life, with a landscape, "both monstrous and exotic." The Spanish-French singer Pauline Viardot, a short and stooping woman, had large masculine features, a large mouth and bulging eyes. But when Polina sang, she fabulously transformed. At such a moment, Turgenev saw the singer and fell in love for life, for the remaining 40 years.

The personal life of the prose writer before meeting Viardot was like a rollercoaster. The first love, about which Ivan Turgenev bitterly told in the story of the same name, painfully wounded the 15-year-old boy. He fell in love with his neighbor Katenka, the daughter of Princess Shakhovskaya. What a disappointment befell Ivan when he found out that his “pure and immaculate” Katya, who captivated with her childish spontaneity and girlish blush, was the mistress of her father, Sergei Nikolaevich, a seasoned womanizer.

The young man was disappointed in the "noble" girls and turned his eyes to the simple girls - serfs. One of the undemanding beauties - seamstress Avdotya Ivanova - gave birth to Ivan Turgenev's daughter Pelageya. But, traveling around Europe, the writer met Viardot, and Avdotya remained in the past.

Ivan Sergeevich met the singer's husband, Louis, and became a member of their house. Turgenev's contemporaries, the writer's friends and biographers disagreed about this union. Some call it sublime and platonic, others talk about the considerable sums that the Russian landowner left in the house of Polina and Louis. Viardot's husband looked through his fingers at Turgenev's relationship with his wife and allowed him to live in their house for months. It is believed that the biological father of Paul, the son of Polina and Louis, is Ivan Turgenev.

The writer's mother did not approve of the relationship and dreamed that her beloved offspring would settle down, marry a young noblewoman and give legitimate grandchildren. Pelageya Varvara Petrovna did not favor, she saw in her a serf. Ivan Sergeevich loved and pitied his daughter.

Pauline Viardot, listening to the bullying of a despotic grandmother, was imbued with sympathy for the girl and took her to her house. Pelageya turned into Polinet and grew up with Viardot's children. In fairness, it should be noted that Pelageya-Polinet Turgeneva did not share her father's love for Viardot, believing that the woman stole the attention of her loved one from her.

Cooling in the relationship between Turgenev and Viardot came after a three-year separation, which happened due to the house arrest of the writer. Ivan Turgenev made attempts to forget the fatal passion twice. In 1854, the 36-year-old writer met the young beauty Olga, the daughter of a cousin. But when a wedding dawned on the horizon, Ivan Sergeevich yearned for Polina. Not wanting to break the life of an 18-year-old girl, Turgenev confessed his love for Viardot.

The last attempt to escape from the arms of a Frenchwoman happened in 1879, when Ivan Turgenev was 61 years old. Actress Maria Savina was not afraid of the age difference - her lover was twice as old. But when the couple went to Paris in 1882, Masha saw a lot of things and trinkets in the home of her future spouse, reminiscent of her rival, and realized that she was superfluous.

Death

In 1882, after parting with Savinova, Ivan Turgenev fell ill. Doctors made a disappointing diagnosis - cancer of the bones of the spine. The writer died in a foreign land for a long time and painfully.

In 1883, Turgenev was operated on in Paris. The last months of his life, Ivan Turgenev was happy, how happy a person tormented by pain can be - next to him was his beloved woman. After her death, she inherited Turgenev's property.

Classic died on August 22, 1883. His body was brought to St. Petersburg on September 27. From France to Russia, Ivan Turgenev was accompanied by Polina's daughter, Claudia Viardot. The writer was buried at the St. Petersburg Volkov cemetery.

Calling Turgenev "a thorn in his own eye", he reacted to the death of the "nihilist" with relief.

Bibliography

• 1855 - "Rudin"
• 1858 - "Noble Nest"
• 1860 - "On the Eve"
• 1862 - "Fathers and Sons"
• 1867 - "Smoke"
• 1877 - "Nov"
• 1851-73 - "Notes of a hunter"
• 1858 - "Asya"
• 1860 - "First Love"
• 1872 - "Spring Waters"

"The life and work of Turgenev" - Library. Having settled in Berlin, Turgenev diligently took up his studies. Issues for discussion. Last years life. The image of the Turgenev girl was not fixed. L. N. Tolstoy. I.S. Turgenev was born on October 28, 1818 in Orel. Project themes. Since 1850, Spasskoe-Lutovinovo began to belong to I. S. Turgenev.

"Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev" - mother, Varvara Petrovna, - from a wealthy landowning family of the Lutovinovs. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. In a noble family. Turgenev's childhood passed in the family estate of Spassky-Lutovinovo. I.S. Turgenev. Great Russian writer. The shield is crowned with a nobleman's helmet and a crown with three ostrich feathers. Further education continued under the guidance of private teachers.

"Biography of the writer Turgenev" - Turgenev had a significant impact on the development of Russian and world literature. A social revival began among the student youth, among the general strata of society. The following essays from folk life published in the same journal for five years. Master of Language and psychological analysis. On the slope of his life he created the lyric-philosophical Poems in Prose (1882).

"Biography and work of Turgenev" - Recent years. Influence of M.Yu. Lermontov. Ancient castle on the banks of the Rhine. Questions. Asya's story. Biography of I.S. Turgenev. Hunter's Notes. Years of study. Start creative activity. The story of the relationship between Asya and the narrator. Family estate. Petersburg University. "Turgenev girl". Writer's childhood.

"Turgenev biography" - "Erudite". One of the main topics in the novel is the theme of relations between generations. Heroes and works 3 (5 minds). The novel "Fathers and Sons" 1 (1 mind). Contemporaries 2 (3 minds). Cat in a poke 2 (3 minds). Heroes and works 2 (3 minds). Imposed by love. Biography 2 (3 minds). Contemporaries 3 (5 minds). Which of the characters in the novel "Fathers and Sons" is depicted below?

"Turgenev as a writer" - I.S. Turgenev. Tombstone on the grave of I.S. Turgenev. Standing: L.N. Tolstoy, D.V. Grigorovich. Spasskoye-Lutovinovo. Gustave Flaubert. "Nest of nobles" 1859. "Fathers and Sons" 1862. Opening of the monument to Pushkin in Moscow. The dining room, even under Turgenev's mother, was one of the front rooms of the house. A group of employees of the magazine "Contemporary".

In total there are 28 presentations in the topic

Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich, whose stories, novels and novels are known and loved by many today, was born on October 28, 1818 in the city of Orel, into an old noble family. Ivan was the second son of Varvara Petrovna Turgeneva (nee Lutovinova) and Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev.

Turgenev's parents

His father was in the service of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry Regiment. After his marriage, he retired with the rank of colonel. Sergei Nikolayevich belonged to an old noble family. His ancestors are believed to have been Tatars. Ivan Sergeevich's mother was not as well-born as her father, but she surpassed him in wealth. The vast lands located in belonged to Varvara Petrovna. Sergei Nikolaevich stood out for his elegance of manners and secular sophistication. He had subtle soul, was handsome. Mother's temper was not like that. This woman lost her father early. She had to experience a terrible shock in her adolescence, when her stepfather tried to seduce her. Barbara ran away from home. Ivan's mother, who survived humiliation and oppression, tried to use the power given to her by law and nature over her sons. This woman was strong willed. She arbitrarily loved her children, and was cruel to the serfs, often punishing them with flogging for insignificant infractions.

Case in Bern

In 1822, the Turgenevs went on a trip abroad. In Bern, a Swiss city, Ivan Sergeevich almost died. The fact is that the father put the boy on the railing of the fence, which surrounded a large pit with city bears entertaining the public. Ivan fell off the railing. Sergei Nikolaevich at the last moment grabbed his son by the leg.

An introduction to belles-lettres

The Turgenevs returned from their trip abroad to Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, their mother's estate, located ten miles from Mtsensk (Oryol province). Here Ivan discovered literature for himself: one courtyard man from a serf mother read to the boy in the old manner, singsongly and measuredly, the poem "Rossiada" by Kheraskov. Kheraskov in solemn verses sang the battles for Kazan of the Tatars and Russians during the reign of Ivan Vasilyevich. Many years later, Turgenev in his 1874 story "Punin and Baburin" endowed one of the heroes of the work with love for "Rossiada".

The first love

The family of Ivan Sergeevich was in Moscow from the end of the 1820s to the first half of the 1830s. At the age of 15, Turgenev fell in love for the first time in his life. At this time, the family was at Engel's dacha. They were neighbors with their daughter, Princess Catherine, who was 3 years older than Ivan Turgenev. First love seemed to Turgenev captivating, beautiful. He was in awe of the girl, afraid to confess the sweet and languid feeling that had taken possession of him. However, the end of joys and torments, fears and hopes came suddenly: Ivan Sergeevich accidentally found out that Catherine was his father's beloved. Turgenev was haunted by pain for a long time. He will present his love story for a young girl to the hero of the 1860 story "First Love". In this work, Catherine became the prototype of Princess Zinaida Zasekina.

Studying at the universities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, the death of his father

The biography of Ivan Turgenev continues with a period of study. Turgenev in September 1834 entered the Moscow University, the verbal department. However, he was not satisfied with his studies at the university. He liked Pogorelsky, a mathematics teacher, and Dubensky, who taught Russian. Most of the teachers and courses left the student Turgenev completely indifferent. And some teachers even caused obvious antipathy. This is especially true of Pobedonostsev, who tediously and for a long time talked about literature and could not advance in his predilections further than Lomonosov. After 5 years, Turgenev will continue his studies in Germany. About Moscow University he will say: "It is full of fools."

Ivan Sergeevich studied in Moscow for only a year. Already in the summer of 1834 he moved to St. Petersburg. Here on military service was his brother Nicholas. Ivan Turgenev continued to study. His father died in October of the same year from kidney stones, right in Ivan's arms. By this time, he was already living apart from his wife. Ivan Turgenev's father was amorous and quickly lost interest in his wife. Varvara Petrovna did not forgive him for his betrayals and, exaggerating her own misfortunes and illnesses, exposed herself as a victim of his callousness and irresponsibility.

Turgenev left a deep wound in his soul. He began to think about life and death, about the meaning of being. Turgenev at that time was attracted by powerful passions, vivid characters, throwing and struggles of the soul, expressed in an unusual, sublime language. He reveled in the poems of V. G. Benediktov and N. V. Kukolnik, the stories of A. A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky. Ivan Turgenev wrote in imitation of Byron (the author of "Manfred") his dramatic poem called "The Wall". After more than 30 years, he will say that this is "a completely ridiculous work."

Writing poetry, republican ideas

Turgenev in the winter of 1834-1835. fell seriously ill. He had a weakness in his body, he could not eat or sleep. Having recovered, Ivan Sergeevich changed a lot spiritually and physically. He became very stretched out, and also lost interest in mathematics, which attracted him before, and became more and more interested in belles-lettres. Turgenev began to compose many poems, but still imitative and weak. At the same time, he became interested in republican ideas. existing in the country serfdom he felt as a shame and the greatest injustice. In Turgenev, a sense of guilt in front of all the peasants strengthened, because his mother treated them cruelly. And he took an oath to himself to do everything to ensure that there was no class of "slaves" in Russia.

Acquaintance with Pletnev and Pushkin, publication of the first poems

Student Turgenev in his third year met P. A. Pletnev, professor of Russian literature. This literary critic, poet, friend of A. S. Pushkin, to whom the novel "Eugene Onegin" is dedicated. At the beginning of 1837, on literary evening with him, Ivan Sergeevich also encountered Pushkin himself.

In 1838, two poems by Turgenev were published in the Sovremennik magazine (the first and fourth issues): "To the Venus of the Medicean" and "Evening". Ivan Sergeevich published poetry after that. The first tests of the pen, which were printed, did not bring him fame.

Continued studies in Germany

In 1837 Turgenev graduated from St. Petersburg University (language department). He was not satisfied with the education he received, feeling gaps in his knowledge. German universities were considered the standard of that time. And in the spring of 1838, Ivan Sergeevich went to this country. He decided to graduate from the University of Berlin, where Hegel's philosophy was taught.

Abroad, Ivan Sergeevich became friends with the thinker and poet N.V. Stankevich, and also became friends with M.A. Bakunin, who later became a famous revolutionary. Conversations on historical and philosophical themes he led with T. N. Granovsky, the future famous historian. Ivan Sergeevich became a staunch Westerner. Russia, in his opinion, should take an example from Europe, getting rid of lack of culture, laziness, ignorance.

public service

Turgenev, returning to Russia in 1841, wanted to teach philosophy. However, his plans were not destined to come true: the department he wanted to enter was not restored. Ivan Sergeevich in June 1843 was enlisted in the Ministry of the Interior for service. At that time, the issue of the liberation of the peasants was being studied, so Turgenev reacted to the service with enthusiasm. However, Ivan Sergeevich did not serve long in the ministry: he quickly became disillusioned with the usefulness of his work. He began to be burdened by the need to fulfill all the instructions of his superiors. In April 1845, Ivan Sergeevich retired and was never again in the public service.

Turgenev becomes famous

Turgenev in the 1840s began to play the role of a secular lion in society: always well-groomed, neat, with the manners of an aristocrat. He wanted success and attention.

In 1843, in April, Turgenev's poem Parasha was published. Its plot is the touching love of the landowner's daughter for a neighbor on the estate. The work is a kind of ironic echo of "Eugene Onegin". However, unlike Pushkin, in Turgenev's poem everything ends happily with the marriage of the heroes. Nevertheless, happiness is deceptive, doubtful - it's just ordinary well-being.

The work was highly appreciated by V. G. Belinsky, the most influential and well-known critic of that time. Turgenev met Druzhinin, Panaev, Nekrasov. Following Parasha, Ivan Sergeevich wrote the following poems: in 1844 - Conversation, in 1845 - Andrey and Landowner. Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich also created stories and novels (in 1844 - "Andrey Kolosov", in 1846 - "Three Portraits" and "Breter", in 1847 - "Petushkov"). In addition, Turgenev wrote the comedy Lack of Money in 1846, and the drama Indiscretion in 1843. He followed the principles of the "natural school" of writers, to which Grigorovich, Nekrasov, Herzen, Goncharov belonged. Writers belonging to this direction depicted "non-poetic" objects: everyday life people, life, predominant attention was paid to the influence of circumstances and the environment on the fate and character of a person.

"Hunter's Notes"

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev in 1847 published an essay "Khor and Kalinich", created under the impression of hunting trips in 1846 through the fields and forests of the Tula, Kaluga and Oryol provinces. Two heroes in it - Khor and Kalinich - are presented not just as Russian peasants. These are individuals with their own uneasy inner world. On the pages of this work, as well as other essays by Ivan Sergeevich, published in the book "Notes of a Hunter" in 1852, the peasants have their own voice, which differs from the manner of the narrator. The author recreated the customs and life of the landlord and peasant Russia. His book was evaluated as a protest against serfdom. Society accepted it with enthusiasm.

Relationship with Pauline Viardot, mother's death

In 1843, a young opera singer from France, Pauline Viardot, arrived on tour. She was greeted enthusiastically. Ivan Turgenev was also delighted with her talent. He was captivated by this woman for the rest of his life. Ivan Sergeevich followed her and her family to France (Viardot was married), accompanied Polina on a tour of Europe. His life was henceforth divided between France and Russia. The love of Ivan Turgenev has passed the test of time - Ivan Sergeevich has been waiting for the first kiss for two years. And only in June 1849 Polina became his lover.

Turgenev's mother was categorically against this connection. She refused to give him the funds received from the income from the estates. Death reconciled them: Turgenev's mother was dying hard, suffocating. She died in 1850 on November 16 in Moscow. Ivan was informed of her illness too late and did not have time to say goodbye to her.

Arrest and exile

In 1852, N. V. Gogol died. I. S. Turgenev wrote an obituary on this occasion. There were no reprehensible thoughts in him. However, it was not customary in the press to recall the duel that led to as well as recall the death of Lermontov. On April 16 of the same year, Ivan Sergeevich was put under arrest for a month. Then he was exiled to Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, not allowed to leave the Oryol province. At the request of the exile, after 1.5 years he was allowed to leave Spassky, but only in 1856 was he granted the right to go abroad.

New works

During the years of exile, Ivan Turgenev wrote new works. His books became more and more popular. In 1852, Ivan Sergeevich created the story "Inn". In the same year, Ivan Turgenev wrote Mumu, one of his most famous works. In the period from the late 1840s to the mid-1850s, he created other stories: in 1850 - "The Diary of a Superfluous Man", in 1853 - "Two Friends", in 1854 - "Correspondence" and "Calm" , in 1856 - "Yakov Pasynkov". Their heroes are naive and lofty idealists who fail in their attempts to benefit society or find happiness in their personal lives. Criticism called them "superfluous people." Thus, the creator of a new type of hero was Ivan Turgenev. His books were interesting for their novelty and topicality.

"Rudin"

The fame acquired by the mid-1850s by Ivan Sergeevich was strengthened by the novel Rudin. The author wrote it in 1855 in seven weeks. Turgenev in his first novel made an attempt to recreate the type of ideologist and thinker, modern man. Main character - "extra person", which is depicted both in weakness and in attractiveness at the same time. The writer, creating him, endowed his hero with the features of Bakunin.

"Nest of Nobles" and new novels

In 1858, Turgenev's second novel, The Nest of Nobles, appeared. His themes are the history of an old noble family; the love of a nobleman, by the will of circumstances hopeless. The poetry of love, full of grace and subtlety, the careful depiction of the characters' experiences, the spiritualization of nature - these are the distinctive features of Turgenev's style, perhaps most clearly expressed in The Noble Nest. They are also characteristic of some stories, such as "Faust" of 1856, "A Trip to Polissya" (years of creation - 1853-1857), "Asya" and "First Love" (both works were written in 1860). "Noble Nest" was warmly welcomed. He was praised by many critics, in particular Annenkov, Pisarev, Grigoriev. However, Turgenev's next novel met a completely different fate.

"The Eve"

In 1860, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev published the novel "On the Eve". Summary his next. In the center of the work - Elena Stakhova. This heroine is a brave, determined, devotedly loving girl. She fell in love with the revolutionary Insarov, a Bulgarian who devoted his life to liberating his homeland from the rule of the Turks. The story of their relationship ends, as usual with Ivan Sergeevich, tragically. The revolutionary dies, and Elena, who has become his wife, decides to continue the work of her late husband. This is the plot of the new novel, which was created by Ivan Turgenev. Of course, we have described its summary only in general terms.

This novel caused conflicting assessments. Dobrolyubov, for example, in an instructive tone in his article reprimanded the author where he was wrong. Ivan Sergeevich was furious. Radical democratic publications published texts with scandalous and malicious allusions to the details of Turgenev's personal life. The writer broke off relations with Sovremennik, where he had been published for many years. The younger generation stopped seeing Ivan Sergeevich as an idol.

"Fathers and Sons"

In the period from 1860 to 1861, Ivan Turgenev wrote Fathers and Sons, his new novel. It was published in Russkiy Vestnik in 1862. Most readers and critics did not appreciate it.

"Enough"

In 1862-1864. a story-miniature "Enough" was created (published in 1864). It is imbued with motives of disappointment in the values ​​of life, including art and love, which are so dear to Turgenev. In the face of inexorable and blind death, everything loses its meaning.

"Smoke"

Written in 1865-1867. the novel "Smoke" is also imbued with a gloomy mood. The work was published in 1867. In it, the author tried to recreate a picture of modern Russian society, the ideological moods that dominated it.

"Nov"

Turgenev's last novel appeared in the mid-1870s. In 1877 it was printed. Turgenev in it presented populist revolutionaries who are trying to convey their ideas to the peasants. He assessed their actions as a sacrificial feat. However, this is a feat of the doomed.

The last years of the life of I. S. Turgenev

Turgenev from the mid-1860s almost constantly lived abroad, only visiting his homeland on short visits. He built himself a house in Baden-Baden, near the house of the Viardot family. In 1870, after the Franco-Prussian war, Polina and Ivan Sergeevich left the city and settled in France.

In 1882, Turgenev fell ill with spinal cancer. The last months of his life were difficult, and death was also difficult. The life of Ivan Turgenev ended on August 22, 1883. He was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovsky cemetery, near the grave of Belinsky.

Ivan Turgenev, whose stories, novels and novels are included in the school curriculum and known to many, is one of the greatest Russian writers of the 19th century.